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. 2016 Jun 17;12(6):e1005703. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005703

Fig 13. Model describing the role of chitosan in appressorium development.

Fig 13

Germling development on three different surfaces is shown (hydrophilic, hydrophobic and leaf), with observed phenotypes shown inset. Successful appressorium development is dependant upon activation of both the Pmk1 and cAMP pathways. The absence of chitosan prevents complete activation of the Pmk1 pathway, and possibly the cAMP pathway. The addition of chitosan and/or chemical inducers of these pathways restores appressorium development in the CDA deletion strains. Thus, germ tube localized chitosan likely acts upstream of both the Pmk1 and cAMP pathways to induce appressorium development.