Table 4.

Odds ratios from multivariate logistic regressions identifying associations between selected household characteristics and catastrophic health expenditure

Variables	40 % Threshold	10 % Threshold
	OR (T-statistics)
Household size	0.94 (−1.29)	0.94 (−2.01)*
Number of children under five years old	1.29 (1.37)	1.48 (3.82)**
Number of older members	1.30 (1.43)	1.28 (2.08)*
Age head of household	1.01 (1.34)	1.01 (1.60)
Education of head of household
Primary education or more	1.00 (.)	1.00 (.)
Less than primary education	1.00 (−0.02)	1.33 (2.28)*
Gender of head of household
Female	1.00 (.)	1.00 (.)
Male	0.71 (−1.74)	0.84 (−1.32)
Place of residence
Urban	1.00 (.)	1.00 (.)
Rural	2.81 (3.09)**	2.99 (5.83)**
Household with priority access card
No priority access card	1.00 (.)	1.00 (.)
Priority access card	1.43 (1.47)	1.08 (0.44)
Household member with a mild illness
None	1.00 (.)	1.00 (.)
At least one	1.95 (2.83)**	6.48 (15.06)**
Household member with severe illness
None	1.00 (.)	1.00 (.)
At least one	2.45 (3.84)**	5.16 (7.77)**
Household member with a disability
None	1.00 (.)	1.00 (.)
At least one	1.02 (0.08)	1.24 (1.60)
Household member with a chronic disease
None	1.00 (.)	1.00 (.)
At least one	5.04 (7.16)**	13.85 (18.78)**
Access to improved water source
Unimproved	1.00 (.)	1.00 (.)
Improved	0.88 (−0.66)	0.95 (−0.50)
Household having a toilet
No access	1.00 (.)	1.00 (.)
Access	0.54 (−3.16)**	0.97 (−0.25)
Remittances from relatives
No remittances	1.00 (.)	1.00 (.)
Receives remittances	1.15 (0.75)	1.15 (1.29)
Pension, social welfare benefits
No pension or social welfare benefits	1.00 (.)	1.00 (.)
Receives pension or social welfare benefits	0.63 (−1.05)	0.73 (−1.16)
Transfers from NGO or other institutions
No transfers	1.00 (.)	1.00 (.)
Receives transfers	0.57 (−0.86)	0.73 (−0.87)

OR odds ratio

*Significant at 5 % (p < 0.05)

**Significant at 1 % (p < 0.01)