Table 2.
Summary of BOLD signal findings for negative emotion contrasts.
| Analysis Type and Quantity | Amygdala | mPFC/ACC | lPFC |
|---|---|---|---|
| Emotional Reactivity | |||
| Adolescent Only | |||
| Linear (1 study, 1 analysis)17 | ns × 1 | ns × 1 | ns × 1 |
| Children vs. Adolescents | |||
| Between-Group (1 study, 4 analyses)14 | ↑ × 1 ns x 3 |
↑ × 3 ns × 1 |
ns × 4 |
| Linear (1 study, 1 analysis)16 | ns × 1 | ↓ × 1 | ns × 1 |
| Adolescents vs. Adults | |||
| Between-Group (1 study, 1 analysis)23 | ↑ × 1 | ↑ × 1 | – |
| Linear (1 study, 1 analysis)23 | ns × 1 | ↑ × 1 | – |
| All Ages | |||
| Between-Group (3 studies, 3 analyses)3,10,19 | ↑ x 1 ↓ x 2 |
↓ × 1 ns × 1 |
– |
| Linear (3 studies, 3 analyses)3,9,18 | ns × 3 | ↓ x 1 | ns × 1 |
| Emotion Regulation: Attentional Deployment—Concentration | |||
| Children vs. Adolescents | |||
| Between-Group (1 study, 1 analysis)4 | ↑ × 1 ↓ × 1 |
ns × 1 | ns × 1 |
| Linear (2 studies, 2 analyses)5,24 | ns x 1 | ↑ x 1 | ↑ x 1 ns x 1 |
| Adolescents vs. Adults | |||
| Between-Group (2 studies, 2 analyses)4,13 | ↓ x 1 ns x 1 |
↑ x 1 ns x 1 |
ns x 2 |
| Linear (1 study, 1 analysis)13 | ns x 1 | ns x 1 | ns x 1 |
| All Ages | |||
| Between-Group (2 studies, 3 analyses)8,22 | ns x 3 | ↑ x 1 ↓ x 1 |
↑ x 1 ↓ x 1 |
| Linear (2 studies, 2 analyses)2,21 | ↓ x 2 |
ns x 2 ns x 2 |
ns x 2 ns x 2 |
| Emotion Regulation: Attentional Deployment—Distraction | |||
| Adolescent Only | |||
| Between-Group (1 study, 1 analysis)20 | ns x 1 | ↑ x 1 | ↑ x 1 |
| Children vs. Adolescents | |||
| Linear (1 study, 3 analyses)12 | ns x 3 | ↓ x 1 ns x 2 |
ns x 3 |
| Adolescents vs. Adults | |||
| Between-Group (2 studies, 4 analyses)13,15 | ↓ x 1 ns x 3 |
↓ x 2 ns x 2 |
↑ x 1 ↓ x 2 ns x 2 |
| Linear (1 study, 2 analyses)13 | ns x 2 | ns x 2 | ns x 2 |
| All Ages | |||
| Between-Group (4 studies, 7 analyses)6,7,10,11 | ↓ x 1 ns x 6 |
↑ x 2 ↓ x 2 ns x 3 |
↓ x 1 ns x 3 |
| Linear (2 studies, 3 analyses)1,7 | ns x 3 | ↑ x 1 ↓ x 2 ns x 1 |
↓ x 2 ns x 1 |
| Emotion Regulation: Cognitive Change | |||
| Children vs. Adolescents | |||
| Linear (1 study, 1 analysis)16 | ↓ x 1 | ↓ x 1 | ↓ x 1 |
| All Ages | |||
| Linear (2 studies, 2 analyses)9,18 | ↓ x 1 ns x 1 |
ns x 2 | ↑ x 1 ns x 1 |
N.B. Subscript numbers denote study citations as numbered in Table 1.
↑ : Children < Adolescents, Adolescents < Adults, or positive relationship with age.
↓ : Children > Adolescents, Adolescents > Adults, or negative relationship with age.
ns: Non-significant age result.