Table 3.
Results of logistic regression analyses using subjects with complete data for 16 endophenotypes. Odds ratios (95% CI based on Wald estimate) for schizophrenia subjects (SZ) versus CCS for a decrease (deficit) in endophenotype equivalent to the endophenotype interquartile range. ORs in bold denote a significant difference from 1 (p < 0.05).
| Model (n=571)* | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| LR 1 EP | LR 16 EPs | LR Top EPs | |
| Antisaccade | 4.09 (2.86, 5.83) | 3.45 (2.21, 5.39) | 2.93 (1.97, 4.37) |
| DS-CPT | 1.06 (0.81, 1.39) | 0.68 (0.46, 0.99) | |
| CPT-IP 3-digit | 4.98 (3.23, 7.67) | 1.67 (0.88, 3.16) | 2.26 (1.38, 3.71) |
| CPT-IP 4-digit | 3.66 (2.47, 5.43) | 1.80 (0.98, 3.31) | |
| LNS Forward | 1.41 (1.02, 1.95) | 0.93 (0.58, 1.48) | |
| LNS Reordered | 1.75 (1.33, 2.32) | 0.96 (0.62, 1.47) | |
| CVLT total | 6.75 (4.10, 11.1) | 2.18 (1.04, 4.59) | 3.51 (1.99, 6.18) |
| CVLT semantic | 2.22 (1.64, 3.01) | 1.50 (0.97, 2.34) | |
| Penn CNB | |||
| Sensorimotor | 1.78 (1.38, 2.29) | 1.59 (1.12, 2.26) | |
| Motor | 2.01 (1.50, 2.69) | 1.60 (1.11, 2.30) | |
| Abstraction/ Mental flexibility | 2.64 (1.79, 3.88) | 1.14 (0.64, 2.01) | |
| Face memory | 2.45 (1.74, 3.45) | 1.37 (0.84, 2.23) | |
| Spatial memory | 1.75 (1.30, 2.36) | 0.80 (0.51, 1.24) | |
| Spatial ability | 1.54 (1.14, 2.07) | 0.49 (0.29, 0.82) | |
| Working memory | 2.32 (1.67, 3.22) | 1.07 (0.67, 1.70) | |
| Emotion identification | 3.43 (2.40, 4.90) | 2.36 (1.51, 3.68) | 2.41 (1.65, 3.53) |
| R2 (corrected for optimism) | 0.63 (0.56) | 0.59 (0.54) | |
| Somer’s Dxy (corrected for optimism) | 0.85 (0.80) | 0.81 (0.79) | |
Abbreviations: CCS, community comparison subjects; CNB, Computerized Neurocognitive Battery; CPT-IP, Continuous Performance Test, Identical Pairs version; CVLT, California Verbal Learning Test; DS-CPT, Degraded Stimulus Continuous Performance Test; LNS, Letter-Number Span; OR, odds ratio; SZ, schizophrenia subjects.
All models were adjusted for age, gender, site, parents’ education, WRAT-3 and smoking status. There are n=802 subjects with all these covariates present, but only n=571 subjects (n=174 SZ, n=397 CCS) with all covariates and all 16 endophenotypes present. See Supplemental Figure S1 for a flow chart showing sample sizes.
LR 1 EP. Univariate models (i.e., only one endophenotype included in the model at a time, along with covariates).
LR 16 EPs. Multivariate model that includes all 16 endophenotypes, along with covariates.
LR Top EPs. Multivariate model that includes the top four endophenotypes based on forward and backward stepwise regression and random forest, along with covariates.