Table 7.
Advanced technologies
| Sorbent | Amount of sorbent | Removal details | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Diclofenac | |||
| AC | 30 mg L−1 | Activated carbon, P110 Hydraffin, (ultrapure water), tubular glass reactor (300 mm long and 50 mm, 93 % after 20 min | Beltrán et al. (2009) |
| PAC | 50 mg L−1 | Pilot scale, natural water with organic matter spiked with 0.1 μg L−1, contact time 4 h, 38–46 % | Snyder et al. (2007) |
| PAC | 10–20 mg L−1 | 300 mg L−1 DCF, surface water, 2 h; 76.7 % | Dai et al. (2011) |
| PAC | 23 mg L−1 PAC | 8, 23, 43 mg L−1 in MBR effluent, hospital wastewater, 96, 98, 99 % | Kovalova et al. (2012) |
| PAC/UF | 10–20 mg L−1 | 1.13 μg L−1 ± 0.39 WWTP effluent, 10–20 mg L−1 PAC, 69 % | Margot et al. (2013) |
| PAC | 5–10 mg L−1 | WWTP effluent; HRT 25–30 min, pilot scale, up to 98 % | Mailler et al. (2014) |
| GAC | Packed | Full scale; >98 % | Grover et al. (2011) |
| GAC | Packed | Full scale (empty bed), 15 min contact | Yang et al. (2011) |
| GAC/activated sludge | 0.5 g L−1 | Addition of GAC to bioreactor, 93 % | Serrano et al. (2010) |
| PAC/MBR | 1 g L−1 | Addition of PAC to bioreactor, 93 % | Serrano et al. (2011) |
| MIP | 10 mg L−1 | 300 mg L−1 DCF in surface water, MIP 97.6 % | Dai et al. (2011) |
| E2 | |||
| GAC | Packed | Max. adsorption constant: K d 12,200 mL g−1 with 24.8 μg L−1 E2 in water; K d 7988 mL g−1 with 24.8 μg L−1 E2 in WWTP effluent | Zhang and Zhou (2005) |
| AC | 0.03-1.5 mg L−1 | Various pore size distributions; max. adsorption capacity: 67.6 mg g−1 at 1 μg L−1 in pure water | Fukuhara et al. (2006) |
| GAC | Packed | Full scale; 100 % | Grover et al. (2011) |
| GAC, PAC | Packed, 5 mg L−1 | Full scale; >90 % for both materials | Snyder et al. (2007) |
| MIP | 25 % | Meng et al. (2005) | |
| MIP | Packed | 95 % from 2 μg L−1 in deionized water | Le Noir et al. (2007) |
| MIP | 0.5–20 g L−1 | Dest water, 0.1–1 mg L−1 E2, 97 %, 15 mg/g | Lai et al. (2010) |
| MIP | 0.25 g L−1 | 90 % after 2 min incubation, 96 % after long equilibrium | DeMaleki et al. (2010) |
| EE2 | |||
| AC | Packed | Highest adsorption at neutral conditions (95 %), 50 μg L−1 EE2 solution (dest water) | Kumar and Mohan (2011) |
| GAC | Packed | Full scale; 100 % | Grover et al. (2011) |
| Single-walled CNT | 95–98 %, in sea water and brackish water | Joseph et al. (2011) | |
| Multiwalled CNT | 25, 50, 75 μg L−1 aqueous solution; sorption capacity: 5.6 μg g−1 | Kumar and Mohan (2012) | |
AC activated carbon, PAC powdered activated carbon, UF ultrafiltration, GAC granular activated carbon, MIP molecularly imprinted polymer, CNT carbon nanotubes