Table 1.
Selected clinical trials targeting altered signaling and tumor environment in OS∗.
| Target | Drug | Type of drug | Clinical trial reference number (NCT number) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cell membrane receptors | |||
| ERBB2 | Trastuzumab | Monoclonal antibody | NCT00023998 |
| IGF1R | Cixutumumab | Monoclonal antibody | NCT01016015/NCT00831844/NCT01614795/NCT00720174 |
| RG1507 | Monoclonal antibody | NCT00642941 | |
| EGFR | ZD1839 | Inhibitor | NCT00132158 |
| PDGFR | Erlotinib | Inhibitor | NCT00077454 |
| Imatinib | Inhibitor | NCT00031915/NCT00030667 | |
| PRGFR/VEGFR | Sorafenib | Inhibitor |
NCT01804374/NCT00889057/NCT00880542/NCT00330421/ NCT01518413 |
| VEGFR | Pazopanib | Inhibitor |
NCT01759303/NCT02357810/NCT01130623/NCT02180867/ NCT01532687/NCT01956669 |
| Bevacizumab | Monoclonal antibody | NCT00667342 | |
| Endostar (rh-endostatin) | Inhibitor | NCT01002092 | |
|
| |||
| Intracellular signaling | |||
| mTOR | Everolimus | Inhibitor | NCT01216826 |
| Ridaforolimus | Inhibitor | NCT00093080/NCT00538239 | |
| WNT/β-catenin | Curcumin | Inhibitor | NCT00689195 |
|
| |||
| Niche cells and their signaling | |||
| Osteoclasts | Zoledronic acid | Bisphosphonate | NCT00691236 |
| Pamidronate | Bisphosphonate | NCT00586846 | |
| RANKL | Denosumab | Monoclonal antibody | NCT02470091 |
| Immune system | T cells expressing GD2 | Cells | NCT02107963 |
| GD2Bi-armed T cells | Cells | NCT02173093 | |
| Anti-GD2 | Monoclonal antibody | NCT00743496/NCT02502786 | |
| Stem and natural killer cells | Cells | NCT02409576/NCT01807468 | |
| Mifamurtide | Monocyte/macrophage activator glycopeptide | NCT02441309/NCT00631631 | |
∗Source: https://clinicaltrials.gov/. Osteosarcoma clinical trials: total: 363, open: 122.
ERBB2: Erb-B2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2; IGF1R: insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor; EGFR: epidermal growth factor receptor; PDGFR: platelet-derived growth factor receptor; VEGFR: vascular endothelial growth factor receptor; mTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin; WNT: wingless-type MMTV integration site family; RANKL: receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand.