Table 1. Demographic, Health and Driving Characteristics of Older Drivers by Zolpidem Use.
| Characteristic | Overall N = 2,000 | Current zolpidem use n = 75 | Zolpidem nonuse n = 1,925 | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Overall N = 2,000 | Current zolpidem use n = 75 | Zolpidem nonuse n = 1,925 | p-value | |
| Age group, n (%) | |||||
| 70 - 79 | 1,433 (71.7) | 58 (77.3) | 1,375 (71.4) | 0.161 | |
| ≥ 80 | 567 (28.4) | 17 (22.7) | 550 (28.6) | ||
| Sex, n (%) | |||||
| Female | 870 (43.5) | 31 (41.3) | 839 (43.6) | 0.700 | |
| Male | 1,130 (56.5) | 44 (58.7) | 1,086 (55.4) | ||
| Race, n (%) | |||||
| Non-white | 360 (18.0) | 11 (14.7) | 349 (18.1) | 0.444 | |
| White | 1,640 (82.0) | 64 (85.3) | 1,576 (81.9) | ||
| Education level, n (%) | 1,092 (54.6) | 42 (56.0) | 1,050 (54.5) | 0.804 | |
| ≤ High School or GED | 683 (34.2) | 22 (29.3) | 661 (34.4) | 0.149 | |
| College (1 – 4 Years) | 1,018 (50.9) | 36 (48.0) | 982 (51.0) | ||
| Postgraduate degree | 298 (14.9) | 17 (22.7) | 281 (14.6) | ||
| Marital status, n (%) | |||||
| Married | 1,092 (54.6) | 42 (56.0) | 1,050 (54.5) | 0.804 | |
| Not married | 908 (45.4) | 33 (44.0) | 875 (45.5) | ||
| Smoking, n (%) | |||||
| Never | 944 (47.3) | 27 (36.0) | 917 (47.8) | 0.022 | |
| Former | 958 (48.0) | 41 (54.7) | 917 (47.8) | ||
| Current | 93 (4.7) | 7 (9.3) | 86 (4.5) | ||
| Alcohol consumption, drinks/week, n (%) | |||||
| None | 947 (47.4) | 28 (37.3) | 919 (47.7) | 0.184 | |
| 0.5 - 7 | 856 (42.8) | 37 (49.3) | 819 (42.6) | ||
| ≥ 7.5 | 120 (6.0) | 10 (13.3) | 187 (9.7) | ||
| Mean ± SD | 2.1 ± 4.7 | 2.6 ± 4.1 | 2.1 ± 4.7 | 0.331 | |
| Number of chronic medical conditions, n (%) | |||||
| None | 55 (2.8) | 2 (2.7) | 53 (2.8) | 0.002 | |
| 1-2 | 440 (22.0) | 9 (12.0) | 431 (22.4) | ||
| 3-4 | 795 (39.8) | 22 (29.3) | 773 (40.2) | ||
| ≥ 5 | 710 (35.6) | 42 (56.0) | 668 (34.7) | ||
| Mean ± SD | 4.0 ± 2.0 | 4.9 ± 2.2 | 3.9 ± 2.0 | <0.001 | |
| MMSE score, n (%) | |||||
| ≤ 23 | 47 (2.4) | 2 (2.7) | 45 (2.3) | 0.854 | |
| > 23 | 1,953 (97.7) | 73 (97.3) | 1,880 (97.7) | ||
| Number of falls, n (%) | |||||
| None | 1,535 (76.8) | 47 (62.7) | 1,488 (77.3) | 0.013 | |
| 1 | 291 (14.6) | 17 (22.7) | 274 (14.2) | ||
| ≥ 2 | 174 (8.7) | 11 (14.7) | 163 (8.5) | ||
| Mean ± SD | 0.4 ± 1.1 | 0.7 ± 1.5 | 0.4 ± 1.1 | 0.015 | |
| Number of medications, n (%) | |||||
| None | 104 (5.2) | 0 (0.0) | 104 (5.4) | <0.001 | |
| 1-3 | 565 (28.3) | 8 (10.7) | 567 (28.9) | ||
| ≥4 | 1,331 (66.6) | 67 (89.3) | 1,264 (65.7) | ||
| Mean ± SD | 5.3 ± 3.5 | 8.1 ± 3.2 | 5.2 ± 3.5 | <0.001 | |
| Prescription sleep medication use (minus zolpidem-containing drugs), n (%) | 73 (3.7) | 2 (2.7) | 71 (3.7) | ||
| Over-the-counter sleep medication use, n (%) | 181 (9.1) | 49 (65.3) | 132 (6.9) | ||
| Annual Mileage, Mean ± SD | 9,528 ± 9,420 | 8,382 ± 5,574 | 9,572 ± 9,537 | 0.283 | |
SD = Standard Deviation
MMSE = Mini–Mental State Examination