Table 3.
Bivariate association of HRQOL with asthma control status, nighttime sleep quality, daytime sleepiness and socio-demographics, respectively, by individual time points
| T1 | T2 | T3 | T4 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β (SE) | 95% CI | β (SE) | 95% CI | β (SE) | 95% CI | β (SE) | 95% CI | ||
| Asthma controla | 0.22*** (0.03) |
[0.15, 0.29] | 0.21*** (0.04) |
[0.13, 0.28] | 0.20*** (0.04) |
[0.13, 0.28] | 0.19*** (0.05) |
[0.09, 0.28] | |
| Nighttime sleep qualitya | 0.14*** (0.04) |
[0.07, 0.21] | 0.14** (0.04) |
[0.06, 0.22] | 0.13** (0.04) |
[0.04, 0.21] | 0.16***( 0.05) |
[0.07, 0.25] | |
| Daytime sleepinessa | 0.24*** (0.03) |
[0.18, 0.30] | 0.23*** (0.03) |
[0.17, 0.29] | 0.20*** (0.03) |
[0.13, 0.27] | 0.27*** (0.04) |
[0.20, 0.34] | |
| Child’s age | −0.03 (0.27) |
[−0.56, 0.51] | 0.37 (0.28) |
[−0.18, 0.92] | 0.32 (0.33) |
[−0.33, 0.96] | 0.26 (0.34) |
[−0.41, 0.92] | |
| Child’s gender (Ref: Female) |
|||||||||
| Male | −1.56 (1.40) |
[−4.31, 1.20] | 0.89 (1.48) |
[−2.03, 3.80] | −2.70 (1.56) |
[−5.78, 0.38] | −3.34* (1.61) |
[−6.52, −0.16] | |
| Child’s race/ethnicity (Ref: White) |
|||||||||
| Black | 2.43 (1.76) |
[−1.03, 5.90] | 1.93 (1.87) |
[−1.76, 5.61] | −0.57 (1.97) |
[−4.46, 3.33] | 0.00 (2.03) |
[−4.00, 4.00] | |
| Hispanics | 2.40 (1.72) |
[−0.99, 5.80] | 1.85 (1.83) |
[−1.76, 5.46] | −2.07 (2.01) |
[−6.04, 1.90] | −1.05 (2.15) |
[−5.29, 3.19] | |
| Others | 2.85 (2.66) |
[−2.39, 8.09] | 3.37 (2.72) |
[−2.00, 8.75] | −0.91 (2.78) |
[−6.40, 4.58] | −0.83 (2.85) |
[−6.46, 4.78] | |
| Parent’s age | −0.02 (0.08) |
[−0.18, 0.13] | −0.01 (0.08) |
[−0.17, 0.16] | −0.02 (0.09) |
[−0.19, 0.16] | −0.08 (0.09) |
[−0.25, 0.10] | |
| Marital status (Ref: Married) |
|||||||||
| Not married | 2.13 (1.38) |
[−0.59, 4.84] | 1.75 (1.46) |
[−1.12, 4.63] | 0.38 (1.56) |
[−2.69, 3.46] | 0.60 (1.62) |
[−2.59, 3.80] | |
| Education (Ref: College or above) |
|||||||||
| High school or below | 4.11** (1.46) |
[1.23, 7.00] | 3.35* (1.57) |
[0.24, 6.45] | 1.82 (1.68) |
[−1.50, 5.15] | 2.75 (1.71) |
[−0.63, 6.14] | |
| Smoking status at home (Ref: Not smoking) |
|||||||||
| Smoking at home | −1.72 (1.81) |
[−5.28, 1.83] | −3.10 (1.94) |
[−6.93, 0.72] | −3.39 (2.04) |
[−7.42, 0.64] | −2.07 (2.18) |
[−6.38, 2.24] | |
| Number of chronic conditions | 1.17 (0.87) |
[−0.55, 2.89] | 0.48 (0.91) |
[−1.31, 2.27] | 0.39 (0.98) |
[−1.54, 2.32] | 0.09 (1.00) |
[−1.89, 2.07] | |
Abbreviations: SE, standard error; CI, confidence interval; HRQOL, health-related quality of life.
a
Higher scores indicate worse asthma control, worse nighttime sleep quality, greater daytime sleepiness, and worse asthma-specific HRQOL.
*
p<0.05;
**
p<0.01;
***
p<0.001.