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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: Sleep Med. 2016 Jan 6;20:41–50. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2015.12.003

Table 4.

Multivariate association of asthma-specific HRQOL with asthma control, nighttime sleep quality, daytime sleepiness, and subject’s socio-demographic characteristics using the random-intercept models

Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4
β (SE) 95% CI β (SE) 95% CI β (SE) 95% CI β (SE) 95% CI
Asthma controla 0.17***
(0.02)		 [0.13, 0.20] 0.14***
(0.02)		 [0.11, 0.18]
Nighttime sleep qualitya 0.12***
(0.02)		 [0.08, 0.16] 0.02
(0.02)		 [−0.02, 0.06]
Daytime sleepinessa 0.21***
(0.02)		 [0.18, 0.24] 0.19***
(0.02)		 [0.15, 0.22]
Child’s age 0.30
(0.21)		 [−0.12, 0.72] 0.34
(0.23)		 [−0.11, 0.80] 0.08
(0.20)		 [−0.31, 0.47] 0.20
(0.19)		 [−0.18, 0.58]
Child’s gender
(Ref: Female)
Male −1.43
(1.04)		 [−3.47, 0.61] −1.15
(1.11)		 [−3.34, 1.04] −0.58
(0.96)		 [−2.47, 1.31] −0.67
(0.93)		 [−2.49, 1.16]
Child’s race/ethnicity
(Ref: White)
Black −0.08
(1.34)		 [−2.70, 3.55] 0.48
(1.43)		 [−2.33, 3.29] 0.37
(1.23)		 [−2.05, 2.80] −0.67
(1.19)		 [−3.01, 1.67]
Hispanics 0.84
(1.30)		 [−1.71, 3.39] 1.21
(1.40)		 [−1.54, 3.96] 0.82
(1.20)		 [−1.55, 3.18] 0.20
(1.17)		 [−2.10, 2.49]
Others 1.40
(1.92)		 [−2.37, 5.18] 1.42
(2.04)		 [−2.59, 5.44] −0.45
(1.80)		 [−3.98, 3.08] −0.74
(1.70)		 [−4.08, 2.61]
Parent’s age −0.06
(0.07)		 [−0.19, 0.06] −0.10
(0.07)		 [−0.24, 0.04] −0.03
(0.06)		 [−0.15, 0.09] −0.03
(0.06)		 [−0.15, 0.08]
Marital status
(Ref: Married)
Not married 1.30
(1.07)		 [−0.80, 3.40] 1.02
(1.15)		 [−1.24, 3.28] 0.47
(0.99)		 [−1.47, 2.41] 0.35
(0.96)		 [−1.54, 2.24]
Education
(Ref: College or above)
High school or below 2.93**
(1.12)		 [0.74, 5.12] 3.13**
(1.20)		 [0.78, 5.48] 2.99**
(1.03)		 [0.95, 5.02] 2.56*
(1.00)		 [0.60, 4.52]
Smoking status at home (Ref:
Not smoking)
Smoking at home −1.92
(1.36)		 [−4.59, 0.74] −1.63
(1.46)		 [−4.50, 1.24] −0.66
(1.27)		 [−3.16, 1.84] −0.09
(1.22)		 [−2.49, 2.32]
Number of chronic conditions 0.28
(0.65)		 [−1.00, 1.56] 0.22
(0.70)		 [−1.16, 1.59] 0.64
(0.60)		 [−0.54, 1.82] 0.06
(0.58)		 [−1.08, 1.21]

Abbreviations: SE, standard error; CI, confidence interval; HRQOL, health-related quality of life.

a

Higher scores indicate worse asthma control, worse nighttime sleep quality, greater daytime sleepiness, and worse asthma-specific HRQOL.

*

p<0.05;

**

p<0.01;

***

p<0.001.