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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: Sleep Med. 2016 Jan 6;20:41–50. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2015.12.003

Table 5.

The mediating effects of nighttime sleep qualitya and daytime sleepinessa on the association between asthma controla and asthma-specific HRQOLa using the multilevel path analyses+

Parameter 95% CI
β SE Lower Upper
Within level (within subject)
Direct effect
Asthma control -> Nighttime sleep quality 0.35* 0.04 0.28 0.42
Asthma control -> Daytime sleepiness 0.09* 0.03 0.04 0.14
Asthma control -> Asthma-specific HRQOL 0.12* 0.02 0.08 0.15
Nighttime sleep quality -> Daytime sleepiness 0.09 0.05 −0.00 0.19
Nighttime sleep quality -> Asthma-specific HRQOL 0.03 0.03 −0.01 0.08
Daytime sleepiness -> Asthma-specific HRQOL 0.15* 0.03 0.11 0.20
Indirect effect
Asthma control -> Nighttime sleep quality -> Asthma-specific HRQOL 0.01 0.01 −0.01 0.03
Asthma control -> Daytime sleepiness -> Asthma-specific HRQOL 0.01* 0.01 0.00 0.02
Asthma control -> Nighttime sleep quality -> Daytime sleepiness -> Asthma-specific HRQOL 0.01 0.00 −0.00 0.01
Total indirect effect 0.03* 0.01 0.00 0.05
Between level (between subjects)
Direct effect
Asthma control -> Nighttime sleep quality 1.04* 0.21 0.69 1.39
Asthma control -> Daytime sleepiness −0.37 0.43 −1.08 0.34
Asthma control -> Asthma-specific HRQOL 0.72* 0.23 0.35 1.10
Nighttime sleep quality -> Daytime sleepiness 0.69* 0.24 0.31 1.08
Nighttime sleep quality -> Asthma-specific HRQOL −0.26 0.14 −0.53 0.02
Daytime sleepiness -> Asthma-specific HRQOL 0.30* 0.06 0.21 0.39
Indirect effect
Asthma control -> Nighttime sleep quality -> Asthma-specific HRQOL −0.27 0.18 −0.61 0.02
Asthma control -> Daytime sleepiness -> Asthma-specific HRQOL −0.11 0.14 −0.38 0.14
Asthma control -> Nighttime sleep quality -> Daytime sleepiness -> Asthma-specific HRQOL 0.22* 0.11 0.06 0.44
Total indirect effect −0.17 0.18 −0.59 0.26

Abbreviations: SE, standard error; CI, confidence interval; HRQOL, health-related quality of life.

+

Results were adjusted for the child’s age, gender, race/ethnicity, number of chronic conditions, and the parent’s age, education background, and marriage status.

a

Higher scores indicate worse asthma control, worse nighttime sleep quality, greater daytime sleepiness, and worse asthma-specific HRQOL.

*

p<0.05.