Fig. 1.

Peri-device surgery warfarin management [30], [39], [58]. Low risk for thromboembolism (annual risk of thromboembolic events <5%) includes patients with AF and a CHA₂DS₂-VASc score of ≤2. High risk for thromboembolism (annual risk of thromboembolic events >=5%) includes patients with AF and a CHA₂DS₂-VASc score of ≥3, a CHA₂DS₂-VASc of 2 due to stroke or TIA within 3 months, patients planned for cardioversion or defibrillation testing at device implantation, AF and rheumatic valve disease prosthetic mitral valve, caged ball or tilting disc aortic valve, a combination of bileaflet aortic valve prosthesis with atrial fibrillation and a CHA₂DS₂-VASc of 2, recent venous thromboembolism (within 3 months) or an intra-cardiac thrombus.