Table 1.

Relevance of microRNAs to macrophage polarization

miRNA	Expression		Factors that regulate its expression	Target genes	Contribution to MP		References
	M1	M2			M1	M2
miR‐155	↑		IFN‐β, TNF‐α, IL‐1 and TLRs	SOCS1, SHIP1, BCL6 C/EBPβ, IL‐13Rα1	→	⊣	26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35
miR‐125a‐5p	↑(①THP‐1)	↑(②BMDM)	LPS	①A20 ②KLF13	①→ ②→	⊣	24, 38
miR‐125b‐5p	↓		LPS	TNF‐α, IRF4, A20	⊣		27, 33, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43
miR‐146a		↑(alveolar macrophages)	acid aspiration	TRAF6, IRF5, IRAK1/2	⊣	→	44, 45, 46
miR‐146b	↑		LPS	TLR4,MyD88, IRAK1, TRAF6	⊣		47
miR‐124		↑(microglia)	IL‐4, IL‐13	C/EBPα	⊣	→	48, 49, 50, 51
let‐7c		↑	M‐CSF	C/EBPδ, PAK1	⊣	→	55, 56
Let‐7f	↓		LPS	A20	⊣		61, 62, 63
miR‐21	↑		LPS	① PDCD4, IL‐12p35, pTEN… ②Stat3	①⊣ ②→	→ ⊣	64
miR‐511‐3p		↑	IL‐4, IL‐13	Rock2		→	66, 71
miR‐378‐3p		↑	IL‐4	IL‐4Rα/PI3K/AKT		→	73, 74
miR‐223		↑	IL‐4	Pknox1	⊣	→	75
miR‐342‐5p	↑		LPS/IFN‐γ	Bmpr2, Akt1	→		77
miR‐33	↑		LPS/IFN‐γ	AMPK	→	⊣	79
miR‐101	↑		LPS	ABCA1, MKP1	→		80, 81, 82

BMDM, bone marrow‐derived macrophage; IFN‐γ, interferon‐γ; IL, interleukin; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; M‐CSF, macrophage colony‐stimulating factor; miRNA, microRNA; MP, macrophage polarization; TLR, Toll‐like receptor; TNF‐α, tumour necrosis factor‐α.

‘^↑’, up‐regulation; ‘^↓’, down‐regulation.

‘^→’, promote; ‘⊣’, inhibit.