Table 1.
Study characteristics of published cohort and case–control studies on cigarette smoking and the risk of adult glioma
| References | Country/period | Data source | Follow-up (years) | No of case/participants (overall) | No of case/participants (N) | No of case/participants (E) | No of case/participants (P) | No of case/participants (C) | Sex strata/age (years) | Diagnostic criteria | Research instrument | Smoking variables assessed and adjustment | Risk estimate: ever-, current-, or past- vs never-smokers, RR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cohort studies | |||||||||||||
| Braganza et al21 | USA/1995–1996 | NIH-AARP | 10.5 (mean) | 704/477,095 | 265/174,244 | 439/837,848 | 374/243,407 | 65/594,441 | MF/50–71 | First primary malignant glioma and histopathologically | Self-administered questionnaire | Past; current; intensity; cigar/pipe smoking; time since quitting; adjustment (sex, education, marital status, and race/ethnicity) | C: 0.83 (0.63, 1.09); P: 0.95 (0.81, 1.12) |
| Benson et al17 | UK/May 1996–April 2001 | National Health Service (UK) | 6.2 (mean) | 681/1,177,087 | 322/599,949 | 296/577,138 | 189/332,775 | 107/244,363 | F/50–65 | Registers of National Health Service (UK) | Mailed questionnaire | Never, past, current smoking; adjustment (height, BMI, socioeconomic status, alcohol intake, strenuous exercise, age at first birth, parity, and oral contraceptive use) | C: 0.91 (0.73, 1.15); P: 1.09 (0.91, 1.31) |
| Holick et al18 | USA/1976–NR | HPFS; NHS; NHS II | 14–27 | 365/257,918 | 165/72,838 | 200/429,326 | 145/46,051 | 55/383,275 | MF/25–75 | Medical records | Mailed questionnaire | Current, past, intensity, duration, pack-years, age at start; adjustment (age, total meat intake, alcohol, and coffee consumption) | C: 1.06 (0.76, 1.47); P: 1.21 (0.98, 1.49) |
| Silvera et al43 | Canada/1980–1985 | CNBSS | 16.5 (mean) | 117/89,709 | 59/NR | 58/NR | 38/NR | 20/NR | F/40–59 | Canadian cancer database | Self-administered questionnaire | Ever, current, past, intensity, duration, pack-years, age at start; adjustment (age, education, BMI, parity, age at first live birth, age at menarche, menopausal status, center) | E: 1.30 (0.88, 1.93); C: 1.05 (0.62, 1.78); P: 1.51 (0.97, 2.34) |
| Efird et al12 | USA/1977–1985 | KPMCP-NC | 13.3 (mean) | 130/133,811 | 51/65,544 | 79/NR | 45/NR | 34/NR | MF/≥25 | Tumor registry; biopsied and histologically; radiographic and clinical history | Self-administered questionnaire | Ever, current, past, intensity; adjustment (cigars, pipes, sex, race, education, alcohol, and coffee consumption) | E: 1.40 (1.00, 2.10); C: 1.60 (1.00, 2.50); P: 1.30 (0.90, 2.00) |
| McLaughlin et al19 | USA/1953–1980 | US veterans | 26 | 468/177,903 | NR | NR | NR | NR | MF/31–84 | Death certificates | Mailed questionnaire | Ever, current, past; adjustment (attained age and calendar year time period) | E: 1.10 (0.90, 1.30); C: 1.10 (0.90, 1.30); P: 1.10 (0.90, 1.40) |
| Mills et al20 | USA/1976–1982 | CSDA | 6 | 18/34,000 | 13/NR | 18/NR | NR | NR | MF/≥25 | Histopathologically confirmed | Mailed questionnaire | Ever; adjustment (age and sex) | E: 0.82 (0.28, 2.39) |
| References | Country/period | No of case/control (overall) | No of case/control (N) | No of case/control (E) | Sex strata/age (years) | Diagnostic criteria | Control source | Research instrument | Smoking variables assessed and adjustment | Risk estimate: ever-, current-, or past vs never-smokers, RR (95% CI) | |||
| Case–control studies | |||||||||||||
| Hou et al25 | People’s Republic of China/1989–1991 | 4,556/9,112 | 2,676/5,542 | 1,880/3,570 | MF/≥30 | Autopsy, histological test, surgical operation, imaging or laboratory tests, clinical assessment, deduction after death | PCC | Interviews | Current, sex, urban or rural residence, years of smoking, cigarettes smoked daily; adjustment (age, urban, or rural residence) | E: 1.11 (1.03, 1.21) | |||
| Vida et al23 | Canada/2002–2004 | 166/648 | 78/311 | 88/337 | MF/30–59 | Histologically confirmed or based on unequivocal diagnostic imaging | PCC | Interviews | Ever, pack-years, duration, sex, by education level; adjustment (age, sex, education level, region) | E: 0.96 (0.67, 1.38) | |||
| Cabaniols et al24 | France/January 2005–December 2005 | 116/116 | 54/50 | 62/66 | MF/≥18 | All new cases of malignant primitive brain tumors | HCC | Interviews | Ever; adjustment (age, sex) | E: 0.86 (0.50, 1.48) | |||
| Lachance et al22 | USA/1997–2008 | 855/1,160 | 429/539 | 426/621 | MF/≥20 | Histologically confirmed | HCC | Interviews and questionnaire | Ever | E: 1.02 (0.67, 1.57)a; 1.05 (0.79, 1.38)b; 0.74 (0.55, 1.00)c | |||
| Zheng et al15,d | USA/NR | 375/2,434 | 190/1,107 | 185/1,327 | MF/40–85 | Histologically confirmed | PCC | Questionnaire | Ever, past, current, duration, intensity, pack-years, by sex; adjustment (age, body mass index, education, exercise, duration living in area served by chlorinated surface water, first-degree relative with brain cancer) | E: 0.84 (0.66, 1.08); C: 0.87 (0.63, 1.19); P: 0.87 (0.66, 1.19) | |||
| Hu et al49 | People’s Republic of China/September 1989–May 1995 | 218/436 | 113/235 | 105/201 | M, 39.2/F, 40.3 | Histologically confirmed | HCC | Interviews | Ever | E: 1.13 (0.80, 1.58) | |||
| Lee et al13 | USA/August 1991–March 1994 | 434/430 | 192/189 | 242/241 | MF/≥20 | Histopathologically confirmed | PCC | Interviews | Ever, filtered, unfiltered, both; pack-years, by sex; adjustment (age, education, income) | E: 1.03 (0.66, 1.59) | |||
| Hurley et al11 | Australia/July 1987–December 1991 | 416/422 | 174/190 | 242/232 | MF/20–70 | Histopathologically confirmed | PCC | Questionnaire | ever, pack-years, duration, age at start, by sex; adjustment (age, sex, reference date) | E: 1.29 (0.95,1.75) | |||
| Ryan et al16 | Australia/February 1997–April 1990 | 110/417 | NR | NR | MF/25–74 | Newly diagnosed primary gliomas | PCC | Interviews | Ever, current, past, pack-years; adjustment (age, sex) | E: 1.19 (0.73, 1.95); C: 1.11 (0.62, 1.99); P: 1.39 (0.74, 2.63) | |||
| Brownson et al44 | USA/January 1984–December 1988 | 312/1,248 | NR | NR | M/54.6 (mean) | Histopathologically confirmed | Other cancers | Cancer registry | Current, past | C: 0.90 (0.70, 1.30); P: 1.00 (0.70, 1.50) | |||
| Schlehofer et al48 | Germany/1987–1988 | 115/418 | NR | NR | MF/NR | Histopathologically confirmed | PCC | Interviews | Current, past; adjustment (age, sex) | C: 0.70 (0.50,1.10); P: 0.90 (0.60, 1.50) | |||
| Preston-Martin et al14 | USA/1980–1984 | 202/202 | NR | NR | M/25–69 | Diagnosis of primary glioma | Neighborhood | Interviews | Ever | E: 0.70 (0.40, 1.00) | |||
| Burch et al45 | Canada/1979–1982 | 215/215 | NR | NR | MF/25–80 | Histopathologically confirmed | HCC | Interview | Ever, plain, filter, dose–response | E: 1.44 (0.89, 2.34) | |||
| Carpenter et al46 | USA/1943–1979 | 41/04 | 16/47 | 25/57 | MF/NR | Death certificates | Employees from nuclear facilities | Medical records | Ever | E: 1.10 (0.50, 2.70) | |||
| Musicco et al47 | Italy/January 1979–March 1980 | 42/201 | 24/127 | 18/74 | MF/≥20 | Histologically; radiologic and arteriography | HCC | Questionnaire and Interview | Ever, heavy-smokers; adjustment (sex, age, residence) | E: 1.80 (0.55, 5.90) |
Notes:
a
Data were collected from Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA;
b
Data were collected from University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), CA, USA;
c
Data were collected from Duke University Medical Center, Raleigh, NC, USA; and University of Illinois, Chicago (Duke-UIC), IL, USA;
d
Only this study provides the number of cases in group current-smokers and past-smokers.
Abbreviations: N, never-smokers; E, ever-smokers; C, current-smokers; P, past-smokers; M, males; F, Females; MF, males and females; BMI, body mass index; NIH-AARP, American Association of Retired Persons; HPFS, The Health Professionals Follow-up Study; NHS, The Nurses’ Health Study I; NHS II, The Nurses’ Health Study II; CNBSS, Canadian National Breast Screening Study; KPMCP-NC, Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program of Northern California; CSDA, California Seventh-Day Adventists; PCC, population-based case–control; HCC, hospital-based case–control; NR, not reported, if information is part of the scope of the study, but not reported, CI, confidence interval, RR, risk ratio.