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. 2016 May 9;30(3):853–865. doi: 10.1111/jvim.13933

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Copyright © 2016 The Authors. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution‐NonCommercial License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.

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Respiratory flow trace samples. (A) Flow traces of a nonbrachycephalic control; (B) Flow trace samples of Grade 0 brachycephalic dogs; (C) Flow trace samples of Grade II/III brachycephalic dogs, showing variations in amplitude, flow pattern, and noise within the trace. Take French bulldog as an example, Type A shows extremely low amplitude when compared to Type B and C; however, the peak flow rates of inspiration and expiration are equal while they are significantly different in Type B. Noise, low amplitude high frequency fluctuations can be seen in all three types mainly during inspiration.