Table 5.

Possible causes of myocardial injury in noncardiac critical disease

Initiating or contributing cause
Hypotension186, 188, 189
Hypoxemia36, 191
Anemia136, 191, 192
Fever193, 194
Tachycardia188, 191
Increased myocardial wall stress195, 196
Arrhythmia188, 189
Endothelial/microvascular dysfunction194, 195, 197
Microthrombosis198, 199
Pulmonary thromboembolism200
Toxic effects of endotoxin194, 195, 201
Toxic effects of inflammatory cytokines35, 56
Oxidative stress188, 195
Epi‐ and endocardial hemorrhage130
Reperfusion injury associated with resuscitation procedures194, 195
Inotropic/vasopressor drugs187, 188, 202
Cardiotoxic drugs (eg, doxorubicin)137
Envenomation (eg, snake venom)203