Table 1.

Physiochemical characterization of Cu NPs

Shape	Primary size (nm)a	Hydrodynamic size (nm)b		Surface area (m2/g)c	Zeta potential (mV)d
		pH 6.5	pH 7.8		pH 1.5	pH 6.5	pH 7.8
Spherical	33±9.8	516±116.9	334±128.3	14.7	15.5±0.8	1.32±1.2	−6.2±0.2

Notes:

^aPrimary size of Cu NPs was measured by transmission electron microscopy (300 counts).

^bNanoparticles were dispersed in deionized water and measured by a dynamic light scattering method.

^cSurface area was measured by the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller method (N₂ gas).

^dZeta potential was measured using electrophoretic light scattering method under pH 1.5, pH 6.5, and pH 7.8 conditions.

Abbreviation: Cu NPs, copper nanoparticles.