Figure 7. Lipid rafts are involved early in infection by TGEV.

A. Attachment of TGEV causes the clustering of plasma membrane lipid rafts. B. Both TGEV and EGFR are co-localized with GM1 at the cell surface. C. and D. Cholesterol-sequestering drugs inhibit TGEV entry. Cells were pretreated with different concentrations of MβCD or nystatin at 37°C for 1 h. E. Destruction of lipid rafts inhibits the activation of downstream signaling pathways. Differences were considered significant at (*) 0.01 < p < 0.05, (**) p < 0.01. All experiments were performed independently three times. Scale bar = 20 μm. TGEV at a multiplicity of infection of 2 (MOI = 2).