Table 2.
Chronic Conditions with the Lowest (≤20th percentile) and Highest (≥80th percentile) Incidence and Prevalence of Substance Use Behaviors
| Pre-adolescence (<14 yrs) | Adolescence (15–17 yrs) | Transition (18–20 yrs) | Early adulthood (21–23 yrs) | Adulthood (24+yrs) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ≤ 20th %ile | ≥ 80th %ile | ≤ 20th %ile | ≥ 80th %ile | ≤ 20th %ile | ≥ 80th %ile | ≤ 20th %ile | ≥ 80th %ile | ≤ 20th %ile | ≥ 80th %ile | |
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Lifetime use of alcohol
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| Initiation of use | Autism Cancer Diabetes Kidney disease | Epilepsy Heart condition Migraines Psychiatric | ADHD/ADD Diabetes Kidney disease Migraines | Autism Cancer Epilepsy Heart condition | Cancer Diabetes Kidney disease Learning disab. | Asthma Autism Epilepsy Migraines | Cancer Heart condition Learning disab. Visual impair. | Autism Hearing Impair. Kidney disease Migraines | Hearing Impair. Heart condition Migraines Visual Impair. | Diabetes Epilepsy Orthopedic Psychiatric |
| Incidence | 1.8% | 22.4% | 17.9% | 40.4% | 33.7% | 48.7% | 54.2% | 91.7% | 6.8% | 53.3% |
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| Cumulative prevalence of use | Autism Cancer Diabetes Kidney disease | Epilepsy Heart condition Migraines Psychiatric | ADHD/ADD Autism Diabetes Kidney disease | Epilepsy Heart condition Hypertension Learning disab. | Autism Diabetes Kidney disease Speech impair. | Epilepsy Heart condition Hypertension Migraines | Autism Learning disab. Speech impair. Visual impair. | Epilepsy Hypertension Kidney disease Migraines | Autism Hearing Impair. Speech impair. Visual impair. | Cancer Hypertension Kidney disease Migraines |
| Prevalence | 1.8% | 22.4% | 28.8% | 40.4% | 50.2% | 65.7% | 67.2% | 81.5% | 65.2% | 84.2% |
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Binge drinking alcohol | Ever use of alcohol
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| Period prevalence of use | Diabetes Heart condition Hypertension Visual impair. | ADHD/ADD Epilepsy Migraines Orthopedic | Cancer Epilepsy Kidney disease Migraines | Autism Diabetes Heart condition Speech impair. | Asthma Autism Kidney disease Visual impair. | Diabetes Hearing Impair. Heart condition Migraines | Cancer Kidney disease Orthopedic Visual impair. | Autism Diabetes Epilepsy Hypertension | Autism Cancer Diabetes Kidney disease | Epilepsy Hearing Impair. Hypertension Speech impair. |
| Prevalence | 0.0% | 15.1% | 15.2% | 46.6% | 26.3% | 47.9% | 23.6% | 47.2% | 7.0% | 37.0% |
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| Cumulative prevalence of use | Diabetes Heart condition Hypertension Visual impair. | ADHD/ADD Epilepsy Migraines Orthopedic | Cancer Kidney disease Migraines Visual impair. | Autism Diabetes Heart condition Speech impair. | Asthma Autism Kidney disease Visual impair. | Diabetes Epilepsy Hearing Impair. Learning disab. | Kidney disease Migraines Orthopedic Visual impair. | Autism Diabetes Hearing Impair. Hypertension | Cancer Kidney disease Migraines Visual impair. | Autism Diabetes Hypertension Psych condition |
| Prevalence | 0.0% | 15.1% | 13.7% | 36.1% | 27.7% | 46.8% | 33.6% | 54.0% | 28.7% | 50.0% |
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Lifetime use of tobacco cigarettes
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| Initiation of use | Autism Cancer Kidney disease Migraines | Epilepsy Learning disab. Other condition Psych condition | Cancer Diabetes Kidney disease Orthopedic | Autism Epilepsy Hypertension Psych condition | Diabetes Epilepsy Heart condition Hypertension | ADHD/ADD Autism Kidney disease Psych condition | Autism Cancer Epilepsy Kidney disease | ADHD/ADD Heart condition Migraines Speech impair. | Learning disab. Orthopedic Psych condition Visual impair. | Asthma Hypertension Other condition Speech impair. |
| Incidence | 3.0% | 23.4% | 16.9% | 37.4% | 10.3% | 30.2% | 0.0% | 9.8% | 0.0% | 0.6% |
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| Cumulative prevalence of use | Autism Cancer Kidney disease Migraines | Epilepsy Learning disab. Other condition Psych condition | Autism Cancer Kidney disease Orthopedic | Epilepsy Hypertension Other condition Psych condition | Autism Diabetes Kidney disease Orthopedic | ADHD/ADD Hypertension Other condition Psych condition | Autism Diabetes Kidney disease Orthopedic | Hypertension Migraines Other condition Psych condition | Autism Diabetes Kidney disease Orthopedic | Hypertension Migraines Other condition Psych condition |
| Prevalence | 3.0% | 23.4% | 27.2% | 45.5% | 37.3% | 55.6% | 38.4% | 57.3% | 38.2% | 57.5% |
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Regular use of tobacco cigarettes | Ever use of tobacco cigarettes
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| Period prevalence of use | Cancer Hearing Impair. Migraines Visual impair. | Asthma Diabetes Other condition Psych condition | Autism Hearing Impair. Heart condition Orthopedic disease | Cancer Diabetes Hypertension Kidney | ADHD/ADD Asthma Cancer Speech impair. | Epilepsy Hearing Impair. Kidney disease Migraines | Epilepsy Hearing Impair. Kidney disease Visual impair. | Autism Cancer Diabetes Migraines | ADHD/AD D Diabetes Heart condition Kidney disease | Cancer Learning disab. Migraines Orthopedic |
| Prevalence | 39.3% | 77.4% | 67.5% | 94.1% | 87.2% | 99.1% | 87.2% | 100.0% | 84.3% | 98.1% |
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| Cumulative prevalence of use | Cancer Hearing Impair. Migraines Visual impair. | Asthma Diabetes Other condition Psych condition | Autism Hearing Impair. Heart condition Visual impair. | Cancer Diabetes Hypertension Kidney disease | Autism Heart condition Orthopedic Visual impair. | Diabetes Hypertension Kidney disease Psych condition | Autism Heart condition Orthopedic Visual impair. | Diabetes Hypertension Kidney disease Psych condition | Autism Cancer Heart condition Visual impair. | Diabetes Hypertension Kidney disease Psych condition |
| Prevalence | 39.3% | 77.4% | 59.6% | 91.5% | 69.5% | 88.6% | 70.2% | 87.8% | 68.3% | 86.6% |
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Lifetime use of marijuana
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| Initiation of use | Autism Cancer Kidney disease Orthopedic | Heart condition Hypertension Other condition Psych condition | Diabetes Kidney disease Orthopedic Visual impair. | ADHD/ADD Epilepsy Hypertension Other condition | Autism Hypertension Kidney disease Visual impair. | Epilepsy Hearing Impair. Heart condition Learning disab. | Autism Cancer Diabetes Epilepsy | ADHD/ADD Heart condition Kidney disease Migraines | ADHD/ADD Asthma Orthopedic Visual impair. | Hypertension Migraines Psych condition Speech impair. |
| Incidence | 10.5% | 32.4% | 21.1% | 34.5% | 2.0% | 24.7% | 0.0% | 8.6% | 0.0% | 11.2% |
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| Cumulative prevalence of use | Autism Cancer Kidney disease Orthopedic | Heart condition Hypertension Other condition Psych condition | Autism Kidney disease Orthopedic Visual impair. | Epilepsy Hypertension Other condition Psych condition | Autism Kidney disease Orthopedic Visual impair. | Cancer Epilepsy Hypertension Psych condition | Autism Orthopedic Speech impair. Visual impair. | Cancer Hypertension Other condition Psych condition | Autism Orthopedic Speech impair. Visual impair. | Epilepsy Hypertension Other condition Psych condition |
| Prevalence | 10.5% | 32.4% | 29.4% | 49.8% | 35.5% | 61.8% | 41.1% | 60.5% | 41.4% | 61.3% |
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Recent use of marijuana (without doctor recommendation) | Ever use of marijuana
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| Period prevalence of use | Diabetes Hearing Impair. Heart condition Hypertension | ADHD/ADD Epilepsy Learning disab. Orthopedic | Asthma Cancer Diabetes Visual impair. | Autism Heart condition Kidney disease Learning disab. | Cancer Hypertension Learning disab. Migraines | Heart condition Kidney disease Orthopedic Visual impair. | Cancer Diabetes Heart condition Kidney disease | ADHD/ADD Autism Other condition Visual impair. | Cancer Diabetes Hearing Impair. Heart condition | ADHD/ADD Autism Epilepsy Kidney disease |
| Prevalence | 0.0% | 11.1% | 13.9% | 38.1% | 25.3% | 46.8% | 26.1% | 43.4% | 16.1% | 53.2% |
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| Cumulative prevalence of use | Diabetes Hearing Impair. Heart condition Hypertension | ADHD/ADD Epilepsy Learning disab. Orthopedic | Cancer Diabetes Other condition Visual impair. | Autism Epilepsy Heart condition Kidney disease | Cancer Diabetes Hypertension Migraines | Autism Heart condition Kidney disease Orthopedic | Cancer Diabetes Hypertension Kidney disease | Asthma Autism Orthopedic Psych condition | Cancer Diabetes Hypertension Visual impair. | Autism Heart condition Kidney disease Psych condition |
| Prevalence | 0.0% | 11.1% | 10.4% | 36.1% | 27.5% | 52.3% | 40.9% | 53.9% | 44.7% | 62.0% |
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a
Incidence was determined by new reporting of substance use behaviors among those who reported no use in the prior period. Values in bold represent statistically significant differences (p<0.05) comparing youth with a diagnosis of any of the listed conditions to those without.
b
Prevalence refers to the cumulative or period reporting of use behaviors among those followed through each period. Values in bold represent statistically significant differences (p<0.05) comparing youth with a diagnosis of any of the listed conditions to those without.
c
Chronic conditions include: attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD/ADD); asthma; autism; birth defects; breathing problems; cancer; chronic hypertension; diabetes; digestive problems; emotional or psychological problems; epilepsy; heart conditions; kidney disease; learning disability or developmental delays; migraines; orthopedic conditions; sickle cell anemia; skin disease; hearing, speech, or visual impairments; and other conditions. Conditions that were too rare to yield stable estimates (i.e., birth defects, digestive problems, sickle cell anemia, and skin disease) are not shown.
d
Data are from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, Child Development and Transition to Adulthood Supplements (2002–2011).