. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Jul 1.

Published in final edited form as: J Urol. 2016 Feb 22;196(1):24–32. doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2015.10.198

Table 1.

Summary of molecular, structural, and physiological changes in the brain during bladder pain.

Brain Region	Experimental Manipulation			Clinical Presentation
Brain Region	CYP Injection	Intravesical Inflammatory Agent	UBD	IC/BPS	CP/CPPS
Thalamus	↑ cFos expression¹⁰		↑/↓ activity^7,8,9	↓ white matter integrity⁶
PBn	↑ cFos expression¹²	↑cFos expression¹³ ↑ activity¹⁵		↑ tyrosine hydroxylase¹⁴ (feline IC)
Cortex	↑ cFos expression²⁰	↑ desynchronization¹⁹	↑ desynchronization¹⁹ ↑/↓ activity²¹	↑ gray matter¹⁷ ↑/↓ oscillation frequency powers¹⁸	↑ gray matter¹⁶
Amygdala	↑ cFos expression²² ↑ CRH expression²⁶				↑ gray matter¹⁶
Hypothalamus	↑ galanin expression²⁶ ↑ CRH expression^26,30	↑ cFos expression¹³	no change²⁹
PAG		↑ cFos expression³⁴
RVM			↑/↓ activity³⁵ ↑ cFos expression¹³