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Major pathways for hepcidin regulation. High serum iron levels or hepatic iron stores (reflected in BMP6) induce hepcidin mRNA transcription via the BMP/SMAD signaling cascade. The inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and activin B induce hepcidin mRNA transcription via JAK/STAT and non-canonical BMP/SMAD signaling, respectively. High erythropoietic drive (reflected in ERFE) suppresses hepcidin transcription, likely via interference with BMP/SMAD signaling.
