Table 2.
Sero-prevalence of 257 individuals in contact with VL patients divided by socio-economic, epidemiological and environmental variables
| Variables | Frequency n (%) | Sero-prevalence n (%) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Type of contact | |||
| Family members | 208 (80.9) | 64 (30.8) | NS |
| Adjacent neighbours | 49 (19.1) | 11 (22.4) | NS |
| Educational status | |||
| Nil | 73 (28.4) | 24 (32.9) | NS |
| Primary only | 122 (47.5) | 35 (28.7) | NS |
| Secondary or higher | 62 (24.1) | 16 (25.8) | NS |
| Occupation | |||
| Farmers | 70 (27.2) | 29 (41.4) | 0.002 |
| Non-agriculture | 32 (12.5) | 10 (31.3) | NS |
| Student | 79 (30.7) | 11 (13.9) | NS |
| Housewife | 68 (26.5) | 24 (35.3) | NS |
| Dependent | 8 (3.1) | 1 (12.5) | NS |
| Family income | |||
| Very poora | 100 (38.9) | 34 (34.0) | NS |
| Poorb | 118 (45.9) | 29 (24.6) | NS |
| Medium income groupc | 39 (15.2) | 12 (30.8) | NS |
| Type of housing | |||
| Mud/thatched house | 196 (76.3) | 55 (28.1) | NS |
| Concrete/brick | 61 (23.7) | 20 (32.8) | NS |
| Domestic animals in household | |||
| Yes | 154 (59.9) | 54 (35.1) | 0.011 |
| No | 103 (40.1) | 21 (20.4) | NS |
| Households close to animal shelterd | |||
| Yes | 207 (80.5) | 68 (32.9) | 0.009 |
| No | 50 (19.5) | 7 (14.0) | NS |
| Dogs within domestic vicinityd | |||
| Yes | 175 (68.1) | 52 (29.7) | NS |
| No | 82 (31.9) | 23 (28.1) | NS |
| Rats in household | |||
| Yes | 226 (87.9) | 67 (29.6) | NS |
| No | 31 (12.1) | 8 (25.8) | NS |
| Use of bed-net | |||
| Yes | 216 (84.0) | 64 (29.6) | NS |
| No | 41 (16.0) | 11 (26.8) | NS |
| Houses close to water bodiesd | |||
| Yes | 165 (64.2) | 55 (33.3) | NS |
| No | 92 (35.8) | 20 (21.7) | NS |
| Vegetation adjacent to householdd | |||
| Yes | 253 (98.4) | 74 (29.2) | NS |
| No | 4 (1.6) | 1 (25.0) | NS |
| Garbage close to householdd | |||
| Yes | 247 (96.1) | 73 (29.6) | NS |
| No | 10 (3.9) | 2 (20.0) | NS |
NS: not significant.
a Income US$ 26–64/month.
b Income US$ 65–128/month.
c Income US$ 129–192/month.
d ‘Close to’, ‘adjacent to’, ‘domestic vicinity’ terms were used to indicate the area within an approximate100 meter radius of the residences.