Table 3.
Summary of studies characteristics and results of the included studies assessing FR-4.
| Reference | Sample | Outcomesa | Results | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline G1 | ΔG1b | Baseline G2 | ΔG2b | ΔG1 − ΔG2 | P-valuec | ||||
| Group 1 | Group 2 | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | ||||
| Fränkel and Fränkel (30) | FR-4 | Untreated | SN.MP (°) | NA | −5.4 (–) | NA | 2.3 (-) | −7.7 | P < 0.01 |
| n = 30 | n = 11 | SN.PP (°) | 2.3 (–) | −0.3 (-) | 2.6 | P < 0.001 | |||
| — | — | PP.MP (°) | −7.4 (–) | 2.6 (-) | −10.1 | P < 0.001 | |||
| 7.0 yrs | 8.0 yyrs | ||||||||
| OP: 96 months | |||||||||
| Erbay et al. (38) | FR-4+ lip seal training | Untreated | Overbite (mm) | −3.9 (1.3) | 5.0 (1.3) | −3.5 (1.4) | 1.4 (1.8) | 3.6 | P < 0.001 |
| n = 20 | n = 20 | SN.GoMe (°) | 43.3 (4.0) | −2.8 (1.1) | 43.8 (3.2) | 0.7 (1.9) | −3.5 | P < 0.001 | |
| 13♀/7♂ | 13♀/7♂ | SN.PP (°) | 7.8 (2.8) | 1.4 (1.3) | 9.0 (3.1) | 0.0 (2.4) | 1.4 | P < 0.05 | |
| 8.7±0.5 yrs | 8.9±1.2 yrs | PP.MP (°) | 35.5 (4.8) | −4.6 (2.6) | 34.7 (3.4) | 0.8 (1.5) | −5.4 | P < 0.001 | |
| OP: 24 months | |||||||||
| Haydar and Enacar (33) | FR-4+ lip seal training | Untreated | Overbite (mm) | −2.6 (1.6) | 2.6 (0.7) | −3.8 (1.3) | 1.1 (1.1) | 1.5 | P < 0.01 |
| n = 11 | n = 10 | FMA (°) | 31.6 (5.7) | 1.0 (1.7) | 32.1 (3.2) | −0.7 (1.2) | 1.7 | P < 0.05 | |
| — | — | BaN.PtGn (°) | 79.0 (4.1) | 0.7 (1.3) | 80.9 (3.1) | 0.6 (1.7) | 0.1 | NS | |
| 8.7±1.1 yrs | 8.2±1.0 yrs | SN.PP (°) | 10.0 (3.2) | −0.5 (0.8) | 8.9 (4.6) | −0.5 (1.1) | 0.0 | NS | |
| OP: 14 months | OP: 12 months | PP.MP (°) | 34.0 (4.7) | 0.7 (1.1) | 32.6 (4.1) | −0.2 (1.1) | 0.9 | NS | |
SD, standard-deviation; ♀, female; ♂, male; yrs, years; G1, group 1; G2, group 2; NS, non-significant; OP, observation period; NA, not available; FR-4, Fränkel regulator-4; ΔG1, difference between final and baseline measurements for group 1; ΔG2, difference between final and baseline measurements for group 2; ΔG1 − ΔG2, difference between changes observed for groups 1 and 2.
aPre-treatment statistically significant (P < 0.05) differences on bold font, and absence of pre-treatment comparison on italic font.
bStatistically significant (P < 0.05) changes on bold font, and absence of intra-group comparison on italic font
cConcerning ΔG1 − ΔG2.