Figure 1.

Intra-Amygdala Granger Causality Paths. Robust causal paths were observed for (a) Non-ELS participants. Right BLA-dominant causal paths were primarily observed, which predicted robust activity in left BLA, and left SF, with less robust relationships with right SF. An additional path from right SF to left BLA was also observed. This model is consistent with known anatomical and functional organization of the amygdala observed in animal models of threat. In contrast (b) ELS participants demonstrated primarily right CeA dominant paths with robust relationships with left CeA, bilateral SF and bilateral BLA. Additional relationships between left SF and right BLA and right SF and left BLA were also observed. This pattern was not consistent with known anatomical and functional organization of the amygdala in response to threat. p-values are FDR-corrected. Abbreviations: BLA, basolateral; CeA, central nucleus; ELS, early life stress; FDR, false discovery rate; SF, superficial nuclei.