Table 2.
Association of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] with pregnancy outcomes
| Serum 25 OH concentration (ng/mL) | |||
| < 10 ng/mL (n=105) | = 10 ng/mL (n=124) | p | |
| Age (years)a | 28.85 ± 4.99 | 30.03 ± 4.73 | 0.067 |
| Parityb | |||
| Nulliparous, n (%) | 39 (37.1) | 42 (34.1) | 0.63 |
| Parous, n (%) | 66 (62.9) | 81 (65.9) | |
| BMI (kg/m2)a | 25.60 ± 4.8 | 25.03 ± 4.21 | 0.35 |
| Education, n (%)b | |||
| 0–5 years | 41 (42.7) | 34 (29.1) | 0.10 |
| 6–8 years | 14 (14.6) | 24 (20.5) | |
| =9 years | 41 (42.7) | 59 (50.4) | |
| Smoking, n (%)c | 6 (5.7) | 9 (7.4) | 0.81 |
| Gestational age at serum collection (week)d | 13.4 (11–14) | 13.2 (11–14) | 0.06 |
| Gestational age at delivery (week)d | 39 (34–41) | 39 (24–41) | 0.56 |
| Season of blood sampling, n (%)b | |||
| Winter (November–April) | 71 (68.3) | 45 (36.6) | < 0.0001 |
| Summer (May–October) | 33 (31.7) | 78 (63.4) | |
| Mean systolic BP at trial entry (mmHg)d | 100 (80–165) | 100 (80–140) | 0.84 |
| Mean diastolic BP at trial entry (mmHg)d | 70 (50–95) | 70 (50–100) | 0.59 |
| Maternal multivitamin use, n (%)b | |||
| Yes | 49 (53.8) | 69 (71.9) | 0.011 |
| No | 42 (46.2) | 27 (28.1) | |
| Consumption of dairy products, n (%)b | |||
| Sufficient | 37(39.4) | 60(59.4) | 0.005 |
| Insufficient | 57(60.6) | 41(40.6) | |
| Dressing style, n (%)c | |||
| Covered | 75 (79.8) | 42 (43.3) | <0.001 |
| Uncovered | 19 (20.2) | 55 (56.7) | |
| Exposure to sun, n (%)b | |||
| Yes | 42 (44.7) | 47 (48) | 0.64 |
| No | 52 (55.3) | 51 (52) | |
| Mode of delivery, n (%)c | |||
| Vaginal delivery | 63 (53.8) | 54 (46.2) | 0.018 |
| Primary caesarean section | 17 (32.7) | 35 (67.3) | |
| Gestational diabetes, n (%)c | 10 (9.5) | 10 (8.1) | 0.87 |
| Hypertensive states, n (%) | |||
| Pre-eclampsiae | 2 (1.9) | 2 (1.6) | 1 |
| Gestational hypertensionc | 5 (4.8) | 6 (4.8) | 1 |
| Preterm birth, n (%)c | 5 (4.8) | 7 (5.6) | 0.99 |
| Small for gestational age, n (%)c | 7 (6.7) | 6 (4.8) | 0.75 |
| Intrauterine fetal death, n (%)e | 1 (1) | 1 (1) | 1 |
| Congenital malformation, n (%)c | 2 (1.9) | 1 (0.8) | 0.88 |
| Birth weight (g)a | 3245 ± 496 | 3272 ± 440 | 0.66 |
| Apgar scored | |||
| 1 min | 8 (6–9) | 8 (6–9) | 0.36 |
| 5 min | 9 (8–10) | 9 (8–10) | 0.22 |
| Infant gender (female), n (%)b | 51 (51) | 50 (44.6) | 0.35 |
Data are shown as mean ± SD, median (minimum-maximum) or n (%).
a
t-test;
b
Pearson chi-squared test;
c
Yates-corrected chi squared test;
d
Mann-Whitney U test;
e
Fisher’s exact test
BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure