Table 2.
Association between Select Demographic, Lifestyle, and Birthing Characteristics and Infant Mortality; Standard DHS V (2008).
| Infant Mortality by Country | ||||||
| Ghana n=1767 OR (95% CI) |
Kenya n=4018 OR (95% CI) |
Sierra Leone n=3856 OR (95% CI) |
||||
| p-value | p-value | p-value | ||||
| Birth Attendant | ||||||
| Health Personnel | 1.66 (0.69–3.99) | p=0.26 | 0.85 (0.51–1.41) | p=0.52 | 1.25 (0.92–1.70) | p= 0.15 |
| Traditional Birth Attendant/Other | 1.00 (Referent) | 1.00 (Referent) | 1.00 (Referent) | |||
| Place of Delivery | ||||||
| Health Facility | 2.26 (1.15–4.44) | p=0.02 | 1.23 (0.78–1.93) | p=0.37 | 1.50 (1.10–2.10) | p=0.02 |
| Household Residence | 1.00 (Referent) | 1.00 (Referent) | 1.00 (Referent) | |||
| Maternal Age (years) | ||||||
| 15–24 | 1.00 (Referent) | 1.00 (Referent) | 1.00 (Referent) | |||
| 25–34 | 1.02 (0.48–2.20) | p=0.49 | 1.23 (0.74–2.10) | p=0.61 | 1.00 (0.70–1.44) | p=0.65 |
| 35–49 | 1.59 (0.73–3.45) | p=0.13 | 1.91 (1.05–3.48) | p=0.04 | 1.16 (0.77–1.75) | p= 0.40 |
| Breastfeeding | ||||||
| > 6 months | 0.06 (0.03–0.09) | p<0.001 | 0.02(0.01–0.04) | p<0.001 | 0.07(0.04–0.10) | p<0.001 |
| ≤6 months | 1.00(Referent) | 1.00(Referent) | 1.00(Referent) | |||
| Education Level | ||||||
| No Education | 1.00 (Referent) | 1.00 (Referent) | 1.00 (Referent) | |||
| Primary | 1.81 (0.89–3.70) | p=0.04 | 0.98 (0.50–1.92) | p=0.61 | 1.23 (0.77–1.98) | p=0.79 |
| Secondary | 0.92(046–1.85) | p=0.99 | 0.93(0.43–2..02) | p=0.52 | 1.30(0.87–1.96) | p=0.55 |
| Higher | 0.44(0.10–3.42) | p=0.33 | 1.51(0.50–4.60) | p=0.37 | 1.14 (0.45–2.91) | p=0.96 |
| Other Children Who Have Died | ||||||
| Yes | 3.38 (1.33–8.60) | p=0.01 | 6.36 (3.63–11.16) | p<0.001 | 3.97 (2.76–5.71) | p<0.001 |
| No | 1.00(Referent) | 1.001 (Referent) | 1.001 (Referent) | |||
| Electricity | ||||||
| Yes | 1.44(0.82–2.53) | p=0.20 | 0.95(0.51–1.78) | p=0.88 | 1.06 (0.68–1.64) | p=0.81 |
| No | 1.00 (Referent) | 1.00 (Referent) | 1.00 (Referent) | |||
| Partner's Education Level | ||||||
| None | 1.00(Referent) | 1.00(Referent) | 1.00(Referent) | |||
| Primary | 1.01 (0.35–2.93) | p=0.34 | 1.51 (0.68–3.35) | p=0.19 | 0.58 (0.31–1.10) | p=0.18 |
| Secondary | 0.63(0.33.–1.20) | p=0.709 | 1.91 (0.85–4.31) | p=0.12 | 1.03 (0.67–1.57) | p=0.27 |
| Higher | 0.58(0.20–1.70) | p=0.73 | 0.86 (0.24–3.13) | p=0.56 | 0.55 (0.24–1.27) | p=0.23 |
| Missing | 0.38(0.12–1.20) | p=0.20 | 0.73 (0.21–2.54) | p=0.32 | 1.21 (0.75–1.94) | p=0.08 |
| Currently Working | ||||||
| Yes | 0.53(0.30–1.04) | p=0.06 | 1.65(1.03–2.63) | p=0.04 | 0.91 (0.65–1.27) | p=0.57 |
| No | 1.00 (Referent) | 1.00 (Referent) | 1.00 (Referent) | |||
| Married | ||||||
| Never | 1.00 (Referent) | 1.00 (Referent) | 1.00 (Referent) | |||
| Current | 1.62 (0.39–6.83) | p=0.90 | 2.00 (0.71–5.65) | p=0.62 | 0.80 (0.46–1.38) | p=0.20 |
| Former | 2.34(0.44–12.63) | p=0.31 | 2.93 (0.93–9.21) | p=0.06 | 1.08 (0.51–2.30) | p=0.53 |
| Prenatal Care Attendant | ||||||
| None | 1.00(Referent) | 1.00(Referent) | 1.00(Referent) | |||
| Health Personnel | 1.19 (0.24–5.90) | p=0.51 | 0.64 (0.28–1.50) | p=0.10 | 0.61 (0.34–1.10) | p=0.07 |
| Traditional Birth Attendant/Other | 1.86 (0.32–10.76) | p=0.14 | 1.85 (0.32–10.71) | p=0.31 | 0.73 (0.40–1.34) | p=0.74 |
| Paritya | 1.08(0.95–1.23) | p = 0.43 | 1.05 (0.96–1.14) | p=0.34 | 1.05 (0.98–1.13) | p=0.55 |
| 1 | ||||||
a
Treated as a continuous variable