Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Jul 1.
Published in final edited form as: Genet Epidemiol. 2015 Oct 26;40(1):66–72. doi: 10.1002/gepi.21936

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Mendelian Randomization assumptions. 1) Educational attainment polygenic risk score (instrumental variable) is robustly associated with educational attainment (exposure variable); 2) IV is only associated with refractive error (outcome variable) via educational attainment (exposure variable); 3) IV is not associated to the confounders.