Table IV.
Effect estimates from the two-stage least squares analyses using PGRS as an instrumental variable for education and spherical equivalent as outcome. P-value is for the test of whether beta is significantly different from zero. P-valuediff corresponds to the significance of the endogeneity test (Wu-Hausman test), a rejection of the null hypothesis means that the beta effect estimates here are different from the observed (phenotypic) estimates in table II. B+K+A represents the estimate of a weighted fixed-effect meta-analysis between the three cohorts.
| N | β (s.e) | P-value | P-valuediff | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AREDS | 1459 | −1.33 (0.42) | 1.41×10−3 | 7.3×10−3 |
| BMES | 1209* | −0.87 (0.71) | 2.21×10−1 | 2.1×10−1 |
| KORA | 1846 | −0.64 (0.45) | 1.58×10−1 | 2.2×10−1 |
| B+K+A | −0.92 (0.29) | 1.04×10−3 | 1.0×10−2 |
*
Data available with genotype, spherical equivalent and observed education.
Abreviations: K+B+A: KORA + BMES + AREDS meta-analysis.