Table 2.

Binary logistic regression on ownership of health insurance

Independent variable	Odds ratio	95 % confidence interval
Residence
Urban	Ref	Ref
Rural	1.163	0.950–1.423
Wealth status
Poorest	Ref	Ref
Poorer	1.058	0.811–1.381
Middle	1.235	0.925–1.649
Richer	1.700**	1.202–2.318
Richest	1.445*	0.987–2.117
Age
15–19	Ref	Ref
20–24	1.045	0.805–1.356
25–29	0.991	0.715–1.374
30–35	0.800	0.551–1.161
35–39	1.044	0.705–1.549
40–44	0.987	0.654–1.489
45–49	0.644**	0.419–0.993
Ecological zone
Coastal zone	Ref	Ref
Forest zone	2.863***	2.393–3.426
Savannah	2.167***	1.580–2.972
Religion
Catholic	Ref	Ref
Anglican	1.231	0.515–2.944
Methodist	1.010	0.692–1.475
Presbyterian	0.859	0.576–1.282
Pentecostal/charismatic	0.747*	0.577–0.968
Other Christian	0.571***	0.421–0.775
Islam	0.862	0.630–1.179
Traditionalist/spiritualist	0.252***	0.146–0.437
No religion	0.375***	0.237–0.595
Other	1
Ethnicity
Akan	Ref	Ref
Ga/dangme	0.548***	0.392–0.762
Ewe	1.110	0.880–1.454
Guan	0.651	0.401–1.057
Mole-Dagbani	1.248	0.909–1.712
Grusi	1.852	1.112–3.062
Gurma	0.470	0.319–0.692
Mande	4.382	1.783–10.733
Other	1.018	0.570–1.817
Education
No education	Ref	Ref
Primary	1.341*	1.054–1.707
Secondary	1.999***	1.578–2.503
Higher	1.702*	1.030–2.814
Occupation
Not Working	Ref	Ref
Working	0.977	0.802–1.191
Marital status
Single	Ref	Ref
Married	1.396**	1.123–1.735
Cohabitation	1.012	0.792–1.296
Parity
Zero birth	Ref	Ref
One birth	1.570**	1.190–2.073
Two births	1.840***	1.340–2.525
Three births	1.436*	1.010–2.040
Four births or more	1.652**	1.167–2.360

Source: GDHS 2014 *P < 0.05 **p < 0.01 ***p < 0.001