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Biofilm inactivation efficacy with applied voltage and treatment time (24 h storage at room temperature). (A) E. coli NCTC 12900; (B) L. monocytogenes NCTC 11994; (C) S. aureus NCTC 1803. Dotted line: detection limit; ▲: 60 kVRMS; ●: 70 kVRMS; ■: 80 kVRMS.
