Table 2.
Prevalence of macrolide resistance in M. pneumoniae clinical isolates (continents and countries are presented in alphabetical order).
| Country | Year | % of macrolide resistance (number of resistant strains or M. pneumoniae-positive specimens/total strains or specimens tested) | 23S rRNA mutations (%) | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AMERICA | ||||
| Canada (Ontario) | 2010–2012 | 12.1% (11/91) | A2058G (91%) | Eshaghi et al., 2013 |
| A2059G (18%) | ||||
| USA (14 states) | 2006–2013 | 10.8% (19/176) | ND | Diaz et al., 2015b |
| USA (St. Louis, Missouri) | 2010–2012 | 8.2% (4/49) | A2058G (100%) | Yamada et al., 2012 |
| USA (3 states) | 2010–2012 | 3.5% (7/202) | A2058G (85.7%) | Diaz et al., 2015a |
| A2059G (14.3%) | ||||
| USA (6 states) | 2012–2014 | 13.2% (12/91) | A2058G (100%) | Zheng et al., 2015 |
| ASIA | ||||
| China (Beijing) | 2003–2006 | 92% (46/50) | A2058G (86.9%) | Xin et al., 2009 |
| A2058C (2.2%) | ||||
| A2059G (10.9%) | ||||
| China (Shanghai) | 2005–2009 | 90.1% (137/152) | ND | Liu et al., 2012 |
| China (Beijing) | 2008–2009 | 69% (46/67) | A2058G (89.1%) | Cao et al., 2010 |
| A2059G (8.7%) | ||||
| A2058T (2.2%) | ||||
| China (Shanghai) | 2008–2009 | 90% (90/100) | A2058G (98%) | Liu et al., 2010 |
| A2058T (1%) | ||||
| A2059G (1%) | ||||
| China (Beijing) | 2008–2011 | 88.1% (177/201) | A2058G (96.6%) | Zhao et al., 2013a |
| A2059G (2.8%) | ||||
| A2059T (0.6%) | ||||
| China (Beijing) | 2008–2012 | 90.7% (280/309) | A2058G (97.1%) | Zhao et al., 2013b |
| A2059G (2.5%) | ||||
| A2058T (0.4%) | ||||
| China (Beijing) | 2009 | 91% (58/64) | A2058G (98.3%) | Lin et al., 2010 |
| A2058T (1.7%) | ||||
| China (Beijing) | 2010–2012 | 90.8% (59/65) | A2058G (100%) | Sun et al., 2013 |
| China (Beijing, Dongcheng, Xicheng) | 2011 | 95% (38/40) | A2058G (97%) | Zhao et al., 2011 |
| A2059G (3%) | ||||
| China (Zhejiang province) | 2012–2014 | 100% (71/71) | A2058G (100%) | Zhou et al., 2015 |
| China (Beijing) | 2013 | 98.5% (128/130) | A2058G (100%) | Yan et al., 2014 |
| Hong-Kong | 2011 | 13.6% (3/22) | A2058G (100%) | Ho et al., 2015 |
| 2012 | 30.7% (23/75) | |||
| 2013 | 36.6% (34/93) | |||
| 2014 | 47.1% (24/51) | |||
| Japan (65 institutions) | 2008 | 56% (9/16) | A2058G (95.9%)* | Kawai et al., 2013 |
| 2009 | 69% (9/13) | A2058T (3.2%) | ||
| 2010 | 71% (79/110) | A2059G (0.5%) | ||
| 2011 | 63% (176/281) | A2058C (0.2%) | ||
| 2012 | 82% (288/349) | C2611G (0.2%) | ||
| Japan (Fukuoka prefecture) | 2010–2011 | 89.2% (58/65) | A2058G (53%) | Matsuda et al., 2013 |
| A2058T (47%) | ||||
| Japan (5 institutions) | 2011 | 87.1% (176/202) | A2058G (90.9%) | Okada et al., 2012 |
| A2058T (6.2%) | ||||
| A2059G (2.3%) | ||||
| A2058C (0.6%) | ||||
| South Korea | 2003 | 2.9% (1/34) | A2058G (% ND) | Hong et al., 2013 |
| 2006 | 14.7% (10/68) | A2059G (% ND) | ||
| 2010 | 47.2% (25/53) | |||
| 2011 | 62.9% (44/70) | |||
| Taiwan | 2010–2011 | 23.3% (14/60) | A2058G (100%) | Wu et al., 2013 |
| EUROPE | ||||
| Denmark | 2010–2011 | 1.6% (6/365) | ND | Uldum et al., 2012 |
| England and Wales | 2010 | 0% (0/24) | - | Chalker et al., 2011 |
| England and Wales | 2011–2012 | 0% (0/12) | - | Chalker et al., 2012 |
| England | 2014–2015 | 9.3 (4/43) | A2058G (100%) | Brown et al., 2015 |
| France | 2005–2007 | 9.8% (5/51) | A2058G (60%) | Peuchant et al., 2009 |
| A2059G (20%) | ||||
| C2611G (20%) | ||||
| France | 2007–2010 | 3.4% (1/29) | A2059G | Pereyre et al., 2012 |
| France | 2011 | 8.3% (6/72) | A2058G (67%) | Pereyre et al., 2013 |
| A2059G (16.5%) | ||||
| A2062G (16.5%) | ||||
| Germany | 2003–2008 | 1.2% (2/167) | A2058G | Dumke et al., 2010 |
| A2058C | ||||
| Germany | 2009–2012 | 3.6% (3/84) | A2058G (100%) | Dumke et al., 2013 |
| Germany | 2011–2012 | 3.1% (3/96) | A2058G (100%) | Dumke et al., 2015 |
| Italy | 2010 | 26% (11/43) | A2058G (63.6%) | Chironna et al., 2011 |
| A2059G (36.4%) | ||||
| Slovenia | 2006–2014 | 1% (7/783) | A2058G (100%) | Kogoj et al., 2015 |
| Switzerland | 2011–2013 | 2% (1/50) | A2058G | Meyer Sauteur et al., 2014 |
| MIDDLE EAST | ||||
| Israel | 2010 | 30% (9/30) | A2058G (100%) | Averbuch et al., 2011 |
| Israel | 2010 | 22% (9/41) | A2058G (100%) | Pereyre et al., 2012 |
| OCEANIA | ||||
| Australia (Sydney) | 2008–2012 | 3.3% (1/30) | A2059G | Xue et al., 2014 |
ND, not determined.
*
Percentages calculated among the 561 resistant isolates collected over the 5 years.