Table 2.

Shared risk factors for perpetration of violence against women and violence against children

Individual (perpetration)	• Witnessed or experienced violence as a child • Young age • Alcohol and drug use • Depression • Personality disorder/antisocial behaviour • Attitudes that condone violence and gender inequality
Family/household	• Marital conflict/family breakdown • Male dominance in the family • Economic stress • Poverty/destitution • Non-biological father figures
Community	• Institutions that tolerate/fail to respond to violence • Community tolerance of violence • Lack of services for women, children, families • Gender and social inequality in the community • Community norms about privacy in the family • High level of criminal violence or and armed conflict
Societal	• Weak legal sanctions • Social norms that support violence, including physical punishment of wives/children • Social, economic, legal, and political disempowerment of women