Variable	Categorization	Description/composition
Outcome variable
Under-five mortality	Yes (dead)	Died at age <5 years
	No (alive)	Alive at age ≥5 years
Predictor variable
Maternal HIV status	HIV positive
	HIV negative
Independent variables
Maternal education	Uneducated	No formal education
	Primary	≤9 years of education
	Secondary or higher	≥9 years of education
Marital status	Single	Never married, separated, widowed, or divorced and not living together
	Married	Married or cohabiting at the time of death
Maternal age (years)	15–24
	25–34
	35–49
Place of residence	Rural
	Urban
Parity	Nulliparous	First-time child-bearers
	Para 1–3	1–3 births
	Para 4+	4+ births
Wealth status	Poor	Included poor and the poorest
	Middle	Middle income
	Wealthy	Wealthy and the wealthiest
Access to clean water	Yes	Piped, rain, protected sources
	No	Rivers, unprotected sources
Parity was defined as the number of times a woman has given birth to a fetus of 24 or more weeks gestation age (42).