Table 1.

Distribution of background and maternal characteristics of under-five children, by under-five mortality status in Tanzania between 2003 and 2012 (95% confidence limit)

	2003–2004			2007–2008			2011–2012
	Mortality, N=2,371			Mortality, N=4,625			Mortality, N=5,552
Baseline characteristics	Yes (%)	No (%)	p	Yes (%)	No (%)	p	Yes (%)	No (%)	p
Maternal HIV status
HIV positive	48.9	51.1	<0.01	11.6	88.4	<0.01	5.6	94.4	<0.01
HIV negative	32.0	68.0		3.5	96.5		2.5	97.5
Maternal agea	(N=2,672)			(N=4,910)			(N=5,845)
15–24	16.2	83.8	<0.01	4.0	96.0	0.2	3.1	96.9	0.50
25–34	36.9	63.1		3.4	96.6		2.4	97.6
35–49	60.6	39.4		4.7	95.3		2.5	97.5
Place of residence
Rural	35.1	64.9	<0.01	3.7	96.3	0.03	2.5	97.5	0.1
Urban	23.4	76.6		5.3	94.7		3.4	96.6
Education
No education	43.0	57.0	<0.01	3.8	96.2	0.5	2.3	97.7	0.4
Primary	30.6	69.4		4.2	95.8		3.7	96.3
Secondary	12.2	87.8		3	97		3.3	96.7
Marital status
Single	13.2	86.8	<0.01	5.3	94.7	0.3	2.9	97.1	0.8
Married	34.5	65.5		96.1	3.9		2.6	93.4
Wealth status
Poor	39.4	60.6	<0.01	3.5	96.5	0.3	2.7	97.3	<0.01
Middle	34.4	65.6		3.5	96.5		1.4	98.6
Wealthy	23.1	76.9		4.5	95.5		3.3	96.7
Parity
Nulliparous	5.7	94.3	<0.01	4.7	95.3	0.5	3.4	96.4	0.2
Para 1–3	26.3	73.7		3.8	96.2		2.7	97.3
Para 4+	62.8	27.6		3.8	96.2		2.2	97.8
Clean watera
No	36.3	63.7	<0.01	4.0	96.0	0.5	2.3	97.7	0.4
Yes	23.7	76.3		3.6	96.4		2.7	97.3
Mean ageb	27.6			29.4			29.5

Statistical significance (p<0.05, two-sided).

^aaccess to clean drinking water

^bRepresents maternal age at birth.