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. 2016 Jun 20;9:10.3402/gha.v9.31676. doi: 10.3402/gha.v9.31676

Table 2.

Distribution of background characteristics of under-five children, by maternal HIV status in Tanzania between 2003 and 2012 (95% confidence limit)

2003–2004 (N=2,371) 2007–2008 (N=4,625) 2011–2012 (N=5,551)



Variable HIV+ HIV− p HIV+ HIV− p HIV+ HIV− p
Place of residence
 Urban 53 (40.5) 419 (18.7) <0.01 67 (29.9) 720 (16.4) <0.01 73 (29.1) 720 (16.4) <0.01
 Rural 78 (59.5) 1,821 (81.3) 157 (70.1) 3,681 (83.6) 178 (70.9) 3,681 (83.6)
Education
 No education 19 (14.5) 516 (23.0) <0.01 39 (17.4) 1,192 (27.1) <0.01 40 (15.9) 1,186 (22.4) <0.01
 Primary 101 (77.1) 1,641 (73.3) 169 (75.5) 2,758 (62.7) 190 (75.7) 3,435 (64.8)
 Secondary/higher 11 (8.4) 83 (3.7) 16 (7.1) 451 (10.2) 21 (8.4) 680 (12.8)
Maternal age
 15–24 43 (32.8) 895 (39.9) 0.1 67 (29.9) 1,313 (29.8) 0.5 53 (21.8) 1,189 (24.2) 0.04
 25–34 69 (52.7) 969 (43.3) 104 (46.4) 1,908 (43.4) 133 (54.7) 2,284 (46.6)
 35–49 19 (14.5) 376 (16.8) 53 (23.7) 1,180 (26.8) 57 (23.5) 1,433 (29.2)
Marital status
 Single 17 (13) 194 (8.7) 0.09 14 (6.2) 211 (4.8) 0.3 18 (7.9) 211 (4.8) 0.7
 Married 144 (87) 2,046 (91.3) 210 (93.8) 4,190 (95.2) 210 (92.1) 4,190 (95.2)
Wealth status
 Poor 41 (31.3) 1,044 (46.6) <0.01 87 (52.1) 1,698 (47.1) 0.4 87 (34.7) 2,214 (41.8) <0.01
 Middle class 22 (16.8) 447 (20) 36 (21.6) 896 (24.9) 45 (17.9) 1,080 (20.4)
 Wealthy 68 (51.9) 749 (33.4) 44 (26.3) 1,011 (28.0) 119 (47.4) 2,007 (37.9)
Clean watera
 No 35 (34.7) 1,108 (54.1) <0.01 82 (39.8) 1,750 (42.0) 0.5 105 (47.7) 2,210 (48.0) 0.9
 Yes 66 (65.3) 939 (45.9) 124 (60.2) 2,420 (58.0) 115 (52.3) 2,396 (52.0)

X2p value – Pearson's chi-square test of independence. Statistically significant observation (p<0.05, two-sided).

a

refers to drinking water.