Table 1.
The distributions of baseline demographic characteristics, lifestyle factors and co-morbidity by vital status in 1,652 Tobago men
| All (n = 1,652) | Survivors (n = 1,540) | Deceased (n = 112) | P value* | Age-adjusted P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Socio-demographic | |||||
| Age | 57.7 ± 9.6 | 56.9 ± 9.1 | 68.9 ± 9.4 | <0.001 | – |
| Education level, n (%) | |||||
| High school and above | 181 (11.1) | 172 (11.3) | 9 (8.0) | 0.287 | 0.737 |
| Marriage status, n (%) | |||||
| Married or live with a spouse | 1,167 (71.1) | 1,089 (71.1) | 78 (70.9) | 0.969 | 0.993 |
| Lifestyle factors | |||||
| Smoking, n (%) | |||||
| Former smoker | 364 (22.0) | 334 (21.7) | 30 (26.8) | 0.137 | 0.020 |
| Current smoker | 176 (10.7) | 160 (10.4) | 16 (14.3) | ||
| Alcohol consumption, n (%) | |||||
| >3 drinks per week | 172 (10.4) | 163 (10.6) | 9 (8.0) | 0.393 | 0.899 |
| Physical activity, n (%) | |||||
| >3 times per week | 822 (49.8) | 766 (49.7) | 56 (50.0) | 0.958 | 0.759 |
| TV viewing, n (%) | |||||
| >21 h per week | 290 (17.6) | 272 (17.7) | 18 (16.1) | 0.654 | 0.864 |
| Health status, n (%) | |||||
| Excellent/good | 1,530 (93.2) | 1,444 (94.3) | 86 (78.2) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Co-morbidities | |||||
| Prevalence of type 2 diabetes, n (%) | 305 (18.9) | 258 (17.1) | 47 (42.3) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Renal disease, n (%) | 5 (0.3) | 3 (0.2) | 2 (1.8) | 0.039 | 0.059 |
| Cardiovascular disease, n (%) | 62 (3.8) | 52 (3.4) | 10 (8.9) | 0.007 | 0.096 |
| Stroke, n (%) | 26 (1.6) | 21 (1.4) | 5 (4.5) | 0.027 | 0.169 |
| Cancer, n (%) | 129 (7.8) | 100 (6.5) | 29 (25.9) | <0.001 | 0.002 |
| Myocardial infarction, n (%) | 13 (0.8) | 11 (0.7) | 2 (1.8) | 0.218 | 0.204 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 823 (49.8) | 746 (48.4) | 77 (68.8) | <0.001 | 0.506 |
| Medication use | |||||
| Antihypertensive drugs, n (%) | 342 (60.5) | 301 (61.1) | 41 (56.9) | 0.505 | 0.148 |
| Lipid-lowering drugs, n (%) | 71 (4.5) | 69 (4.6) | 2 (2.8) | 0.769 | 0.413 |
| Anti-diabetic drugs, n (%) | 189 (11.7) | 156 (10.4) | 33 (29.7) | <0.001 | 0.004 |
| Body composition characteristic | |||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.4 ± 4.4 | 27.5 ± 4.4 | 26.3 ± 4.6 | 0.005 | 0.148 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 93.1 ± 11.1 | 93.1 ± 11.1 | 92.9 ± 11.3 | 0.853 | 0.664 |
| Calf total fat (mm2) | 1,794.8 ± 765.7 | 1,792.8 ± 762.0 | 1,823.2 ± 817.5 | 0.689 | 0.718 |
| Calf subcutaneous fat (mm2) | 1,367.0 ± 669.1 | 1,375.1 ± 670.8 | 1,254.3 ± 636.6 | 0.069 | 0.625 |
| Calf intermuscular fat (mm2) | 249.7 ± 17.3 | 241.9 ± 210.5 | 361.8 ± 276.6 | <0.001 | 0.014 |
| Calf skeletal muscle density (mg/cm3) | 73.5 ± 3.9 | 73.7 ± 3.7 | 70.4 ± 5.2 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Calf muscle area (mm2) | 7,556.4 ± 1,295.5 | 7,614.2 ± 1,279.8 | 6,757.2 ± 1,251.5 | <0.001 | 0.006 |
Values are unadjusted mean ± SD, unless indicated otherwise. Age-adjusted P values were obtained from logistic regression for categorical variables and linear regression for continuous variables.
*P values for comparisons between the survivors and deceased from two-sample t-tests or χ2 tests or Fisher's exact test.