Table 3. Odd ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals for the association between eye exercises and the risk of myopia-onset/myopia progression.

Determinants	OR (95%CI)
	Crude Model	Model 1	Model 2*	Model 3
Myopia-onset
Eye exercises users	0.73 (0.24–2.21)	0.81 (0.26–2.59)	0.86 (0.51–1.44)	1.35 (0.52–2.56)
No exercise	referent	referent	referent	referent
Myopia progression
Eye exercises users	0.79 (0.41–1.53)	0.88 (0.44–1.75)	0.63 (0.28–1.41)	0.64 (0.27–1.47)
No exercise	referent	referent	referent	referent

Crude model: Without adjustment.

Model 1: Adjusted for age, gender.

Model 2: Further adjusted for time spent in near work, time spent in outdoor activities, parental myopia.

Model 3: Further adjusted for baseline SER and axial length.

*Myopia-onset age was adjusted in myopia progression cases and controls.