Table 3.
Injuries in hospitalised trauma patients
| Regular patients with RSI<1 n=585 |
Regular patients with RSI≥1 n=17 407 |
TTA patients n=2114 |
Regular patients with RSI<1 vs regular patients with RSI≥1 |
Regular patients with RSI<1 vs TTA patients |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | OR (95% CI) | p Value | OR (95% CI) | p Value | |||
| Head trauma, n (%) | |||||||
| Neurological deficit | 0 (0.0) | 72 (0.4) | 46 (2.2) | – | 0.177 | – | <0.001 |
| Cranial fracture | 31 (5.3) | 599 (3.4) | 440 (20.8) | 1.6 (1.08 to 2.28) | 0.018 | 0.2 (0.15 to 0.31) | <0.001 |
| Epidural haematoma (EDH) | 16 (2.7) | 381 (2.2) | 323 (15.3) | 1.3 (0.78 to 2.09) | 0.388 | 0.2 (0.10 to 0.26) | <0.001 |
| Subdural haematoma (SDH) | 28 (4.8) | 1015 (5.8) | 664 (31.4) | 0.8 (0.55 to 1.19) | 0.322 | 0.1 (0.07 to 0.16) | <0.001 |
| Subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) | 29 (5.0) | 965 (5.5) | 617 (29.2) | 0.9 (0.61 to 1.30) | 0.638 | 0.1 (0.09 to 0.19) | <0.001 |
| Intracerebral haematoma (ICH) | 4 (0.7) | 193 (1.1) | 181 (8.6) | 0.6 (0.23 to 1.66) | 0.421 | 0.1 (0.03 to 0.20) | <0.001 |
| Cerebral contusion | 16 (2.7) | 503 (2.9) | 369 (17.5) | 0.9 (0.57 to 1.57) | 0.985 | 0.1 (0.08 to 0.22) | <0.001 |
| Cervical vertebral fracture | 3 (0.5) | 116 (0.7) | 40 (1.9) | 0.8 (0.24 to 2.42) | 1.000 | 0.3 (0.08 to 0.87) | 0.015 |
| Maxillofacial trauma, n (%) | |||||||
| Orbital fracture | 1 (0.2) | 272 (1.6) | 53 (2.5) | 0.1 (0.02 to 0.77) | 0.003 | 0.1 (0.01 to 0.48) | <0.001 |
| Nasal fracture | 3 (0.5) | 149 (0.9) | 38 (1.8) | 0.6 (0.19 to 1.88) | 0.494 | 0.3 (0.09 to 0.92) | 0.021 |
| Maxillary fracture | 8 (1.4) | 775 (4.5) | 242 (11.4) | 0.3 (0.15 to 0.60) | <0.001 | 0.1 (0.05 to 0.22) | <0.001 |
| Mandibular fracture | 8 (1.4) | 314 (1.8) | 85 (4.0) | 0.8 (0.37 to 1.53) | 0.527 | 0.3 (0.16 to 0.69) | 0.001 |
| Thoracic trauma, n (%) | |||||||
| Rib fracture | 26 (4.4) | 1193 (6.9) | 252 (11.9) | 0.6 (0.43 to 0.94) | 0.027 | 0.3 (0.23 to 0.52) | <0.001 |
| Sternal fracture | 0 (0.0) | 19 (0.1) | 7 (0.7) | – | 1.000 | – | 0.358 |
| Haemothorax | 7 (1.2) | 169 (1.0) | 87 (4.1) | 1.2 (0.58 to 2.64) | 0.520 | 0.3 (0.13 to 0.61) | <0.001 |
| Pneumothorax | 14 (2.4) | 201 (1.2) | 81 (3.8) | 2.1 (1.21 to 3.63) | 0.017 | 0.6 (0.35 to 1.09) | 0.100 |
| Haemopneumothorax | 14 (2.4) | 142 (0.8) | 81 (3.8) | 3.0 (1.71 to 5.20) | 0.001 | 0.6 (0.35 to 1.09) | 0.100 |
| Lung contusion | 8 (1.4) | 111 (0.6) | 80 (3.8) | 2.2 (1.05 to 4.45) | 0.060 | 0.4 (0.17 to 0.73) | 0.002 |
| Thoracic vertebral fracture | 4 (0.7) | 150 (0.9) | 42 (2.0) | 0.8 (0.29 to 2.15) | 0.821 | 0.3 (0.12 to 0.95) | 0.030 |
| Abdominal trauma, n (%) | |||||||
| Intra-abdominal injury | 16 (2.7) | 197 (1.1) | 101 (4.8) | 2.5 (1.47 to 4.12) | 0.003 | 0.6 (0.33 to 0.96) | 0.030 |
| Hepatic injury | 26 (4.4) | 187 (1.1) | 113 (5.3) | 4.3 (2.82 to 6.51) | <0.001 | 0.8 (0.53 to 1.27) | 0.459 |
| Splenic injury | 12 (2.1) | 106 (0.6) | 64 (3.0) | 3.4 (1.87 to 6.25) | <0.001 | 0.7 (0.36 to 1.25) | 0.258 |
| Retroperitoneal injury | 3 (0.5) | 14 (0.1) | 12 (0.6) | 6.4 (1.84 to 22.35) | 0.017 | 0.9 (0.25 to 3.21) | 1.000 |
| Renal injury | 6 (1.0) | 60 (0.3) | 25 (1.2) | 3.0 (1.29 to 6.96) | 0.020 | 0.9 (0.35 to 2.12) | 1.000 |
| Urinary bladder injury | 0 (0.0) | 24 (0.1) | 7 (0.3) | – | 1.000 | – | 0.358 |
| Lumbar vertebral fracture | 7 (1.2) | 297 (1.7) | 44 (2.1) | 0.7 (0.33 to 1.48) | 0.417 | 0.6 (0.26 to 1.27) | 0.228 |
| Sacral vertebral fracture | 3 (0.5) | 79 (0.5) | 20 (0.9) | 1.1 (0.36 to 3.59) | 0.750 | 0.5 (0.16 to 1.82) | 0.447 |
| Extremity trauma, n (%) | |||||||
| Scapular fracture | 6 (1.0) | 229 (1.3) | 42 (2.0) | 0.8 (0.34 to 1.76) | 0.710 | 0.5 (0.22 to 1.21) | 0.156 |
| Clavicle fracture | 18 (3.1) | 1141 (6.6) | 185 (8.8) | 0.5 (0.28 to 0.73) | 0.001 | 0.3 (0.20 to 0.54) | <0.001 |
| Humeral fracture | 79 (13.5) | 979 (5.6) | 68 (3.2) | 2.6 (2.05 to 3.35) | <0.001 | 4.7 (3.35 to 6.59) | <0.001 |
| Radial fracture | 29 (5.0) | 1982 (11.4) | 112 (5.3) | 0.4 (0.28 to 0.59) | <0.001 | 0.9 (0.61 to 1.42) | 0.834 |
| Ulnar fracture | 22 (3.8) | 962 (5.5) | 79 (3.7) | 0.7 (0.43 to 1.03) | 0.070 | 1.0 (0.62 to 1.63) | 1.000 |
| Pelvic fracture | 18 (3.1) | 374 (2.1) | 101 (4.8) | 1.4 (0.89 to 2.34) | 0.147 | 0.6 (0.38 to 1.05) | 0.087 |
| Femoral fracture | 65 (11.1) | 2814 (16.2) | 200 (9.5) | 0.6 (0.50 to 0.84) | 0.001 | 1.2 (0.89 to 1.61) | 0.239 |
| Tibia fracture | 35 (6.0) | 1188 (6.8) | 113 (5.3) | 0.9 (0.61 to 1.23) | 0.500 | 1.1 (0.76 to 1.67) | 0.539 |
| Fibular fracture | 15 (2.6) | 631 (3.6) | 90 (4.3) | 0.7 (0.42 to 1.78) | 0.217 | 0.6 (0.34 to 1.03) | 0.069 |
RSI, reverse shock index; TTA, trauma team activation.