Table 2. Descriptive Statistics and High-risk Cutpoint for Biomarkers Within Each Physiological System.
| Physiological system and representative biomarkers |
N | M | SD | High-risk cutpoint | Clinical cutpoint |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sympathetic system | |||||
| Urine epinephrine (ug/g) | 288 | 2.06 | 1.29 | ≥ 2.54 | |
| Urine norepinephrine (ug/g) | 290 | 27.94 | 13.09 | ≥ 33.33 | |
| Parasympathetic system | |||||
| SDRR (msec) | 274 | 35.40 | 16.02 | ≤ 23.54 | |
| RMSSD | 274 | 21.88 | 15.94 | ≤ 11.83 | |
| Low-frequency HRV | 274 | 401.34 | 440.52 | ≤ 113.96 | |
| High-frequency HRV | 274 | 263.37 | 430.78 | ≤ 54.16 | |
| HPA axis | |||||
| Urine cortisol (ug/g) | 292 | 18.52 | 19.11 | ≥ 21.00 | |
| Blood DHEA-S (ug/dL) | 292 | 100.54 | 71.20 | ≤ 51.00 | |
| Inflammation | |||||
| Fibrinogen (mg/dL) | 289 | 348.17 | 83.74 | ≥ 390.00 | |
| CRP(mg/L) | 289 | 2.78 | 3.92 | ≥ 3.18 | > 3 |
| IL6 (pg/mL) | 292 | 2.65 | 2.63 | ≥ 3.18 | |
| E-Selectin (ng/Ml) | 292 | 43.05 | 21.56 | ≥ 50.58 | |
| ICAM-1 (ng/Ml) | 292 | 275.67 | 99.48 | ≥ 329.7 | |
| Cardiovascular | |||||
| Resting SBP (mmHg) | 292 | 130.29 | 17.58 | ≥143.00 | ≥140 (≥120) |
| Resting Heart rate (bpm) | 291 | 70.36 | 11.26 | ≥77.00 | > 90 (>80) |
| Pulse pressure (SBP-DBP) | 292 | 55.69 | 14.84 | ≥ 65 | |
| Metabolic- Glucose | |||||
| Hemoglobin A1c % | 291 | 5.93 | .85 | ≥ 6.10 | ≥7 (> 6.4) |
| Fasting Glucose | 292 | 99.59 | 27.38 | ≥ 105 | |
| HOMA-IR | 292 | 3.20 | 4.02 | ≥ 4.05 | |
| Metabolic-Lipids | |||||
| BMI | 292 | 28.42 | 5.61 | ≥ 32.31 | ≥25, ≥30 |
| WHR | 292 | .88 | .09 | > .97 | >1 (>.85, >.9) |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 292 | 125.91 | 76.48 | ≥ 160.00 | ≥200 (≥150) |
| HDL Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 292 | 56.96 | 17.90 | ≤ 41.37 | <40 |
| LDL Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 292 | 108.05 | 35.52 | ≥ 128.00 | ≥160 (≥130) |
Note: N=sample size; M=mean; SD=standard deviation; SDRR=standard deviation of heartbeat-to-heartbeat intervals; RMSSD=root mean square of successive differences; HRV=heart rate variability; HPA=Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal; DHEAS=dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate; CRP=C-reactive protein; IL6=interleukin 6; ICAM-1=intercellular adhesion molecule-1; SBP=systolic blood pressure; DBP=diastolic blood pressure; HOMA-IR=homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; BMI=body-mass index; WHR=waist-hip ratio; HDL=high density lipoprotein; LDL=low density lipoprotein. Urine epinephrine, norepinephrine, and cortisol levels are divided by urine creatinine levels to adjust for body size. Levels of urine epinephrine, norepinephrine, and cortisol (ug) are reported per level of creatinine (g).