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. 2016 Jun 23;10:167. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00167

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Copyright © 2016 Sheen, Chen, Hsu, Tain, Yu and Huang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution and reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The two subject cohorts used in this study. Cohort 1 was used to compare the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) in the plasma, cortex, and hippocampus between the bile duct ligation (BDL) 2 week (BDL2W) or 4 week (BDL4W) group and the SHAM control group of rats. Cohort 2 was used to examine the changes in biochemistry, TNF-α, ADMA, and Morris water-maze performance in the BDL4W rats after etanercept treatment. SHAM, sham ligation for 4 weeks; SHAMPT, sham ligation for 4 weeks and injected with etanercept (10 mg/kg) intraperitoneally (IP) on postnatal day (PND) 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37 and 39 (12 doses in total) and etanercept (100 μg) intrathecally (IT) on PND 31, 33, and 35 (3 doses in total); BDL, bile duct ligation for 4 weeks; BDLP, BDL plus etanercept IP, BDLPT, BDL plus etanercept IP and IT.