Table 1.
Controls (n = 12) |
PD patients (n = 14) |
||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | p | |
Demographics | |||||
Age (years) | 61.7 | 11.8 | 63.3 | 9.1 | ns |
Education (years) | 16.0 | 3.0 | 13.7 | 3.4 | ns |
Female (%) | 42 | – | 21 | – | ns |
Right-handed (%) | 92 | – | 100 | – | ns |
Emotional functioning | |||||
AS | 7.7 | 4.1 | 9.7 | 8.3 | ns |
BDI-II | 2.7 | 3.3 | 11.7 | 8.2 | <0.01 |
STAI – trait | 28.1 | 6.5 | 37.5 | 12.0 | <0.05 |
STAI – state | 28.5 | 6.5 | 37.9 | 10.8 | <0.05 |
Cognitive functioning | |||||
MMSE | 28.7 | 1.3 | 29.2 | 1.1 | ns |
Dementia Rating Scale | – | – | 136.4 | 6.9 | |
Boston Naming Test | 56.7 | 4.1 | 56.7 | 2.5 | ns |
COWA (FAS) | 40.0 | 10.4 | 37.9 | 15.8 | ns |
Semantic fluency (animals) | 21.9 | 4.6 | 19.3 | 7.0 | ns |
Digit span forward (WAIS-III) | 7.1 | 1.3 | 7.1 | 1.0 | ns |
Digit span backward (WAIS-III) | 5.3 | 1.5 | 5.7 | 1.5 | ns |
Trails A (s) | 27.7 | 9.4 | 47.2 | 26.3 | <0.05 |
Trails B (s) | 68.0 | 28.0 | 122.8 | 57.7 | <0.01 |
Stroop word reading | 97.3 | 11.5 | 87.2 | 14.8 | ns |
Stroop color naming | 71.9 | 15.1 | 65.9 | 13.6 | ns |
Stroop color-word naming | 36.8 | 13.5 | 33.6 | 12.1 | ns |
WCST categories completed | 5.7 | 1.1 | 3.7 | 1.8 | <0.01 |
WCST total errors | 18.8 | 16.7 | 40.9 | 17.1 | <0.01 |
WCST perseverative responses | 10.8 | 10.1 | 22.8 | 10.9 | 0.01 |
WCST set failure | 0.3 | 0.7 | 1.4 | 0.9 | <0.01 |
Disease characteristics | |||||
Duration of symptoms (years) | – | – | 10.1 | 2.9 | – |
UPDRS motor – On Meds | – | – | 25.4 | 13.5 | – |
UPDRS motor – Off Meds | – | – | 34.1 | 12.4 | – |
Levodopa equivalent dose | – | – | 1179.7 | 670.9 | – |
Antidepressant medications (%) | – | – | 21 | – | – |
BDI-II, Beck Depression Inventory, Second Edition; AS, Apathy Scale; STAI, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory; MMSE, mini-mental state examination; COWA, Controlled Auditory Word Association Test; WAIS-III, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Third Edition; WCST, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test; UPDRS, Unified Parkinson’s disease rating scale.