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. 2016 May 19;7(5):e2232. doi: 10.1038/cddis.2016.135

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Copyright © 2016 Macmillan Publishers Limited

Cell Death and Disease is an open-access journal published by Nature Publishing Group. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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Inhibition of T-cell apoptosis enhances macrophage-mediated immunity to T. cruzi infection. (a–c) Splenic T cells from infected mice (18 dpi) were treated with anti-CD3 in the presence of caspase inhibitor zVAD or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) for 4 h. T cells were washed and adoptively transferred intraperitoneally to infected mice (20 dpi). Infected mice injected with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) only were used as controls. After 2 days, peritoneal exudates were analyzed for (a) M1 and for (b) M2 cytokines. (c) Peritoneal macrophages were cultured during 24 h before evaluation of spontaneous NO production or infected with T. cruzi and cultured during 4 weeks before determination of parasite burden. (a and b) Symbols represent peritoneal exudates from individual mice injected with PBS (Δ) or with activated T cells (▾) previously treated with zVAD or DMSO (N=5 mice per group). In (c), each symbol represents the mean of two to three technical replicates of cultured cells from each individual mouse. Significant differences between treatments are indicated (*), as analyzed by t-test (c) or by analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey's post-test (a and b)