Table 1. Overview of all included studies with trial design, inclusion criteria and primary outcome examined.

All studies are retrospective review of patients (level IV evidence).

3CO, three column osteotomy; PSO, pedicle subtraction osteotomy; VCR, vertebral column resection.

^a)ISSG, International Spine Study Group: Inclusion criteria—Age ≥18, Cobb ≥20°, Sagittal vertical axis ≥5 cm, pelvic tilt ≥25°, and/or thoracic kyphosis ≥60°. Exclusion criteria–neuromuscular deformity, active infection; ^b)Scoli-RISK1, inclusion criteria: age 18–80 years, primary scoliosis, kyphosis, or kyphoscoliosis w/major Cobb angle ≥80° in coronal or sagittal plane, congenital or revision spinal deformity undergoing reconstruction w/an osteotomy (PCO or 3CO), any patient undergoing a 3CO, any patient w/preop myelopathy due to spinal deformity, any patient w/ossification of the ligamentum flavum or posterior longitudinal ligament & undergoing a reconstruction w/decompression. Exclusion criteria: Recent history of substance dependency, psychosocial disturbance, active malignancy, active bacterial infection, recent trauma, prior paraplegia, pregnant or nursing.