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. 2015 Dec 23;34(16):1564–1580. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2015.1123284

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© 2015 The Author(s). Published by Taylor & Francis.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, and is not altered, transformed, or built upon in any way.

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Figure 5. — Flow velocities (black arrows) generated during the one kick cycle within a still water fixed window of 1 × 1 m. The time sequence shows the vortex above the shank from the creation to the destruction, the white open arrows at the legs show the motion of the appendage. The curved open arrows visualise rotation. Because of the flexion of the knee (a), a vortex is generated in the dorsal side of the knee region (b) and separated (c). After the lower reversal point, the legs move upwards (d) and kick into the vortex (e) for propulsion (vortex re-capturing) (Hochstein & Blickhan, 2011).