Table 1.

Summary of CFD simulation for hand and arm in steady state condition.

Authors	Participants	Object	2D/3D	CFD code	Turbulence model*
Bixler and Schloder (1996)	Flow around flat plate	Flat plate	2D	Fluent®	k–ε, RNG and RSM
Bixler and Riewald (2002)	Flow around hand and forearm	Hand, forearm	3D	Fluent®	k–ε
Gardano and Dabnichki (2006)	Flow around arm	Arm	3D	Fluent®	N/A
Alves et al. (2007)	Flow around hand and forearm	Hand, forearm	3D	Fluent®	k–ε
Marinho et al. (2009b)	Flow around hand with different thumb positions	Hand	3D	Fluent®	k–ε
Minetti et al. (2009)	Optimum finger spacing	Hand	3D	CFX®	k–ε and k–ω
Marinho et al. (2010)	Flow around hand with small finger spread	Hand	3D	Fluent®	k–ε
Marinho et al. (2011)	Flow around hand and forearm	Hand, forearm	3D	Fluent®	k–ε
Bilinauskaite et al. (2013)	Quasi-steady approach for fluid forces of hand	Hand	3D	Fluent®	k–ε

*Turbulence model

k–ε, Standard k–ε; RNG, re-normalisation group k–ε; RSM, Reynolds stress model.