Table 1.
Summary of SNP analysis in candidate genes
| Gene (Reference)b | Genotype; OR (95 % CI) | p-Value | Comments | Country (Reference) | Genotype; OR (95 % CI) | p-Value | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| In West Bengal | Outside West Bengal/India | ||||||
| ERCC2 [38] | codon 751 A > C (A/C + C/C)a vs A/A; 4.77(2.75-8.23) | <0.0001 | The A/A variant (Lys/Lys) of ERCC2 demonstrated a suboptimal level of DNA repair and were significantly associated with arsenic-induced hyperkeratosis. | China [65] | codon 751 A > C (A/C + C/C)a vs A/A; 2.36 (1.35-4.14) | <0.01 | Lys demonstrated increased risk of arsenic induced skin lesions among the Chinese population. |
| IL10 [31] | promoter −3575 T > A T/Ta vs (T/A + A/A); 2.03(1.26-3.28) | <0.01 | TNF-α and IL-10 variants were associated with increased skin lesions as well as overexpression and underexpression of the factors respectively. | Bangladesh [66] | rs3024496 A > G | <0.05 | rs3024996 was significantly associated with arsenic induced skin lesions after multiple comparison adjustments |
| NLRP2 [32] | codon 1052 (C > A); 0.67 (0.46-0.97) C/Ca vs (C/A + A/A) | <0.05 | Presence of minor allele (A) lead to prominent risk towards development of arsenic-induced skin lesions. | No Other Studies yet found | |||
| TP53 [43] | codon 72 (G > C); 2.086 (1.318-3.299) | <0.001 | Arginine homozygous at codon 72 of p53 showed increased risk to keratosis and higher chromosomal aberration in arsenic-exposed individuals. | Taiwan [67] | codon 72 (G > C) | <0.01 | Proline homozygous or heterozygous showed a relative higher risk in renal cell carcinoma, upon arsenic exposure. |
| PNP [26] | codon 20 C > T C/Ca vs (C/T + T/T); 1.69(1.08-2.66) | 0.02 | PNP variants are significantly associated with arsenic induced dermatological lesions | Taiwan [68] | codon 57 C > T C/Ca vs (C/T + T/T) 1.50 (1.03-2.18) | <0.05 | PNP SNP results in a modified and significant risk of carotid artherosclerosis along with either of AS3MT or GSTO1 SNP. |
| codon 51 G > A G/Ga vs (G/A + A/A); 1.66(1.04-2.64) | 0.04 | ||||||
| codon 57 C > T C/Ca vs (C/T + T/T); 1.67(1.05-2.66) | 0.04 | ||||||
| TNF-a [31] | promoter −308 G > A G/Ga vs (G/A+ A/A); 3.04(1.78-5.21) | <0.001 | TNF-α and IL-10 variants were associated with increased skin lesions as well as overexpression and underexpression of the factors respectively. | Taiwan [69] | promoter −308 G > A | <0.05 | G/A + G/G (low iAs) had a higher risk of urothelial carcinoma upon arsenic exposure compared to A/A (high iAs) group. OR: 14.98; 95%CI: 2.63-85.44. |
| XRCC3 [40] | codon 241 C > T (C/T + T/T)a vs C/C; 0.45(0.30-0.67) | <0.0001 | T: Methionine allele showed protective role against dermatological lesions as well as cytogenetic damage. | Hungary, Romania, Slovakia [70] | codon 241 C > T C/Ca : 1.00 C/T:0.7 (0.54-0.92) T/T:0.54 (0.36-0.8) | <0.01 | Associated significantly basal cell carcinoma. |
a Referent Group
b West Bengal, India Reference; Mean arsenic content in drinking water from West Bengal study population was in the range of 151.74-194.82 μg/L. The WHO recommendation for arsenic through drinking water is 10 μg/L