Table 2.
| Mean(St.dev) | Min | Max | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kasungu | Machinga | Pooled | |||
| Chose stove (percent) | 78.4 (41.2) | 53.4 (50.0) | 66.0*** (47.5) | 0 | 100 |
| Demand side factors | |||||
| Fuelwood consumption (kilograms) | 2,466 (1,864) | 1,370 (1,284) | 1,914*** (1,688) | 0 | 20800 |
| Adult equivalents (number) | 5.2 (2.1) | 3.9 (1.6) | 4.5*** (2.0) | 1 | 14 |
| Supply side factors | |||||
| Forest land owned by household (hectares) | 0.36 (1.24) | 0.11 (0.41) | 0.24* (0.93) | 0 | 12 |
| Share of fuel that is low quality fuelwood (percent) | 34.5 (35.4) | 63.8 (32.5) | 49.3 (36.9) | 0 | 100 |
| Share of fuel that is crop residue (percent) | 1.0 (4.3) | 9.6 (19.6) | 5.3 (14.9) | 0 | 100 |
| Distance from household to nearest forest edge (minutes walking) | 37.2 (48.5) | 33.0 (29.9) | 35.1 (40.2) | 1 | 360 |
| Time household members (not cook) spend collecting fuel (hours/week) | 6.6 (9.5) | 5.8 (8.1) | 6.2 (8.8) | 0 | 90 |
| Knowledge of impacts of biomass reliance | |||||
| Aware of health impacts (percent) | 26.8 (44.4) | 32.6 (47.0) | 29.8 (45.8) | 0 | 100 |
| Aware of environmental impacts on forest (percent) | 54.7 (49.9) | 76.2 (42.7) | 65.5 (47.6) | 0 | 100 |
| Aware of climate impacts of air pollution (percent) | 18.4 (38.9) | 34.7 (47.7) | 26.6 (44.3) | 0 | 100 |
| Demographics and experience of primary cook | |||||
| Experience as primary cook in this household (years) | 21.1 (12.4) | 18.4 (14.4) | 19.7** (13.5) | 0 | 70 |
| Time primary cook spends collecting fuel (hours/week) | 3.6 (2.6) | 3.4 (3.5) | 3.5 (3.1) | 0 | 15 |
| Past or current experience with non-traditional stove (0/1) | 0.08 (0.27) | 0.21 (0.41) | 0.15 (0.35) | 0 | 1 |
| Cooks indoors (0/1) | 0.88 (0.32) | 0.81 (0.39) | 0.85** (0.36) | 0 | 1 |
| Age cook (years) | 42.6 (14.4) | 41.0 (17.1) | 41.8 (15.8) | 13 | 96 |
| Cook has some primary or secondary education (0/1) | 0.89 (0.31) | 0.73 (0.44) | 0.81*** (0.39) | 0 | 1 |
| Household-level controls | |||||
| Age of household head (years) | 54.1 (13.6) | 48.1 (17.8) | 51.1*** (16.1) | 19 | 99 |
| Female headed household (0/1) | 0.16 (0.37) | 0.33 (0.47) | 0.25 (0.43) | 0 | 1 |
| Head has some primary or secondary education (0/1) | 0.92 (0.26) | 0.82 (0.38) | 0.87** (0.33) | 0 | 1 |
| Head is from dominant ethnic group (0/1) | 0.85 (0.36) | 0.60 (0.49) | 0.72*** (0.45) | 0 | 1 |
| Value of assets (Malawian Kwacha)c | 40,405 (62,809) | 31,622 (45,238) | 35,979* (54,770) | 500 | 460,200 |
| Total income (Malawian Kwacha)c | 372,148 (437,125) | 396,480 (761,219) | 384,409 (621,234) | 3,750 | 8,095,350 |
| Village-level variables | |||||
| Share of other study households that chose stove in village (percent) | 78.8 (17.2) | 53.1 (20.4) | 65.9*** (22.8) | 0 | 100 |
| NGO promoting ICS has visited village in past 12 months (0/1) | 0.44 (0.50) | 0.45 (0.50) | 0.45 (0.50) | 0 | 1 |
| Active Village Natural Resources Management Committee (0/1) | 0.85 (0.36) | 0.63 (0.48) | 0.74*** (0.44) | 0 | 1 |
| Number of households | 190 | 193 | 383 | ||
| Number of villages | 26 | 18 | 44 | ||
a
Standard deviations reported in parentheses.
b
*,**,*** Statistically significant difference of means at the 10, 5 and 1 % levels respectively.
c
In October/November 2013 1USD=360 Malawian Kwacha