Table 3.
| Kasungu | Machinga | Pooled | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demand side factors | |||
| Fuelwood consumption (100 kgs) | 0.981 (0.184) | 0.889 (0.082) | 0.908 (0.069) |
| Adult equivalents (number) | 0.944 (0.131) | 0.900 (0.124) | 0.943 (0.078) |
| Supply side factors | |||
| Forest land owned by household (hectares) | 1.201 (0.440) | 2.331* (1.137) | 1.357 (0.316) |
| Share of fuel that is low quality fuelwood (percent) | 0.986* (0.008) | 1.003 (0.006) | 0.997 (0.004) |
| Share of fuel that is crop residue (percent) | 1.057 (0.060) | 1.022** (0.011) | 1.013 (0.010) |
| Distance from household to nearest forest edge (minutes walking) | 0.999 (0.005) | 1.006 (0.006) | 1.004 (0.004) |
| Time household members (not cook) spend collecting fuel (hours/week) | 0.933** (0.026) | 1.014 (0.028) | 0.972* (0.016) |
| Knowledge of impacts of biomass reliance | |||
| Aware of health impacts (0/1) | 1.467 (0.936) | 1.620 (0.677) | 1.352 (0.432) |
| Aware of environmental impacts on forest (0/1) | 2.709* (1.635) | 0.739 (0.392) | 1.752* (0.558) |
| Aware of climate impacts of air pollution (0/1) | 0.574 (0.370) | 0.933 (0.384) | 0.679 (0.214) |
| Demographics and experience of primary cook | |||
| Experience as primary cook in this household (years) | 0.987 (0.037) | 1.042* (0.024) | 1.023 (0.017) |
| Time primary cook spends collecting fuel (hours/week) | 1.139 (0.124) | 1.173** (0.082) | 1.151*** (0.060) |
| Past or current experience with non-traditional stove (0/1) | 0.117** (0.100) | 0.771 (0.385) | 0.457** (0.184) |
| Cooks indoors (0/1) | 0.598 (0.565) | 1.818 (0.917) | 1.179 (0.451) |
| Age cook (years) | 1.006 (0.038) | 0.985 (0.022) | 0.987 (0.016) |
| Cook has some primary or secondary education (0/1) | 0.301 (0.375) | 1.101 (0.576) | 0.732 (0.320) |
| Household-level controls | |||
| Age of household head (years) | 0.984 (0.023) | 1.001 (0.016) | 1.004 (0.012) |
| Female headed household (0/1) | 3.800* (2.948) | 1.644 (0.812) | 2.014* (0.745) |
| Head has some primary or secondary education (0/1) | 2.037 (2.055) | 1551 (1.028) | 1.517 (0.773) |
| Head is from dominant ethnic group (0/1) | 1.323 (0.864) | 0.783 (0.324) | 1.076 (0.341) |
| Value of assets (ln), Malawi Kwacha | 1.728** (0.415) | 1.175 (0.212) | 1.252* (0.156) |
| Total income (ln), Malawi Kwacha | 0.850 (0.303) | 1.058 (0.013) | 1.038 (0.175) |
| Village-level variables | |||
| Share of other study households that chose stove in village (percent) | 1.094*** (0.021) | 1.058*** (0.013) | 1.062*** (0.010) |
| NGO promoting ICS has visited village in past 12 months (0/1) | 1.266 (0.696) | 1.088 (0.436) | 1.135 (0.332) |
| Village has active Village Natural Resources Management Committee (0/1) | 1.339 (0.916) | 1.232 (0.498) | 1.062 (0.334) |
| Machinga (c.f. Kasungu) | - | - | 1.119 (0.494) |
| Constant | 0.001 (0.006) | 0.001** (0.003) | 0.002** (0.005) |
| N (households) | 190 | 193 | 383 |
| N (villages) | 26 | 18 | 44 |
| Log likelihood | −61.624 | −98.311 | −181.783 |
| AIC | 177.249 | 250.621 | 419.565 |
| BIC | 264.919 | 383.714 | 530.110 |
a
Standard errors reported in parentheses – clustered at the village-level.
b
*,**,*** Statistically significant at the 10, 5 and 1 % levels respectively.