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. 2016 Jun 22;9:129. doi: 10.1186/s13068-016-0549-3

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© The Author(s) 2016

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 1 — The microbial metabolic pathway for carbon-chain elongation such as a butyric acid (C4) production by the genera Clostridium and Butyrivibrio [27] and b hexanoic acid production postulated in Megasphaera elsdenii and Clostridium kluyveri [10]