Table 2.

Summary: Recent research^* investigating the urinary sugar excretion biomarker

Study	Sample type	Population	Design	Results	Comments
Kuhnle et al., [31]	Spot urine sample	UK adults aged 39–77 years, 54% female (n=1734)	Longitudinal; 3-year follow up period	Baseline urinary sucrose concentration was associated with an increased risk of overweight/obesity and BMI at year 3, and with baseline self-reported sugar intake determined by 3 methods: 7 day diaries, 24-hr recall, and FFQ.	Self-reported sucrose intake was inversely associated with BMI. Mean baseline BMI =26kg/m2
Tasevska et al., [32]	24-hour urine sample	US adults aged 60–91 years, 100% female, postmenopausal 64% white (n=450)	Cross-sectional	Associations between (log) biomarker-based total sugars intake and self-reported intake using three methods (FFQ, 4d diary, three 24-hr recalls) ranged r=0.13 – 0.16.	Using biomarker values, calibration equations were used to predict total sugar intake. 66% of sample was overweight/obese. A second follow-up sample (n=88) was included for reliability assessment at 6 mo.

^*Published in 2014–2015.

Abbreviations used: UK = United Kingdom; BMI = body mass index; FFQ = food frequency questionnaire; US = United States.