Table 1.
Diabetes Control as a Function of Demographics, Diabetes Indicators, and Neurocognitive Test Scores, among Hispanics with Diabetes Age 45 and Older Living in Four U.S. Urban Centers, 2008–2011
| n | Individuals with controlled HbA1c (<7% [53 mmol/mol]) (n=810)
|
Individuals with uncontrolled HbA1c (≥7% [53 mmol/mol]) (n=984)
|
Pa | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| mean/row % | 95% CI | mean/row % | 95% CI | |||
| HbA1c, mean % | 1794 | 6.2 | (6.2, 6.3) | 8.9 | (8.8, 9.1) | n/a |
| Sex | 0.92 | |||||
| Female | 1147 | 45.9 | (41.5, 50.4) | 54.1 | (49.6, 58.5) | |
| Male | 647 | 46.4 | (40.6, 52.2) | 53.6 | (47.8, 59.4) | |
| Age | 0.045 | |||||
| 45–54 | 648 | 41.3 | (36.5, 46.3) | 58.7 | (53.7, 63.5) | |
| 55–64 | 760 | 44.9 | (40.2, 49.8) | 55.1 | (50.2, 59.9) | |
| 65–76 | 386 | 52.3 | (45.9, 58.6) | 47.7 | (41.4, 54.1) | |
| Education | 0.84 | |||||
| 5th Grade or less | 418 | 47.8 | (40.2, 55.5) | 52.2 | (44.5, 59.8) | |
| Some high school | 470 | 44.0 | (37.6, 50.6) | 56.0 | (49.4, 62.4) | |
| High school graduate or equivalent | 366 | 45.0 | (38.6, 51.5) | 55.0 | (48.5, 61.4) | |
| Greater than high school | 540 | 47.5 | (41.5, 53.5) | 52.5 | (46.5, 58.5) | |
| Hispanic/Latino background | 0.21 | |||||
| Dominican | 147 | 50.6 | (40.3, 60.9) | 49.4 | (39.1, 59.7) | |
| Central American | 159 | 37.0 | (27.3, 47.8) | 63.0 | (52.3, 72.7) | |
| Cuban | 229 | 53.5 | (46.3, 60.6) | 46.5 | (39.4, 53.7) | |
| Mexican | 704 | 43.7 | (37.7, 49.8) | 56.3 | (50.2, 62.3) | |
| Puerto Rican | 444 | 43.4 | (38.6, 48.2) | 56.7 | (51.8, 61.4) | |
| South American | 80 | 47.6 | (33.9, 61.7) | 52.4 | (38.3, 66.1) | |
| Other/more than one background | 28 | 38.6 | (13.3, 72.0) | 61.5 | (28.0, 86.7) | |
| Health insurance status | 0.28 | |||||
| No | 576 | 43.1 | (37.0, 49.5) | 56.9 | (50.5, 63.1) | |
| Yes | 1203 | 47.5 | (43.5, 51.6) | 52.5 | (48.5, 56.5) | |
| Antidiabetic medications | <0.0001 | |||||
| None | 249 | 69.8 | (61.3, 77.1) | 30.3 | (22.9, 38.8) | |
| OHGA only | 1151 | 50.5 | (46.5, 54.6) | 49.5 | (45.4, 53.5) | |
| Insulin with or without OHGA | 394 | 18.5 | (13.8, 24.3) | 81.5 | (75.7, 86.2) | |
| Family support | 0.48 | |||||
| Low | 529 | 47.5 | (42.1, 53.0) | 52.5 | (47.0, 57.9) | |
| Med | 702 | 43.3 | (37.7, 49.1) | 56.7 | (50.9, 62.3) | |
| High | 563 | 48.1 | (42.1, 54.2) | 51.9 | (45.8, 57.9) | |
| Depressive symptoms | 0.41 | |||||
| CES-D < 10 | 1089 | 47.5 | (42.9, 52.2) | 52.5 | (47.8, 57.1) | |
| CES-D ≥ 10 | 691 | 43.8 | (38.0, 49.8) | 56.2 | (50.2, 62.0) | |
| Doctor visits in past year | 0.005 | |||||
| 0 | 160 | 31.5 | (24.1, 40.0) | 68.5 | (60.0, 75.9) | |
| 1 | 111 | 51.7 | (36.2, 66.9) | 48.3 | (33.1, 63.9) | |
| >1 | 1496 | 47.1 | (43.4, 50.8) | 52.9 | (49.2, 56.6) | |
| Duration of diabetes | <0.0001 | |||||
| 0–2 years | 395 | 62.7 | (53.9, 70.6) | 37.4 | (29.4, 46.1) | |
| 3–10 years | 731 | 46.8 | (41.2, 52.4) | 53.2 | (47.6, 58.8) | |
| > 10 years | 590 | 30.5 | (25.3, 36.3) | 69.5 | (63.7, 74.7) | |
| History of CHD or stroke | 0.49 | |||||
| No | 1502 | 46.8 | (43.3, 50.3) | 53.2 | (49.7, 56.7) | |
| Yes | 291 | 43.5 | (35.5, 51.7) | 56.6 | (48.3, 64.5) | |
| Self-report global physical functioning | ||||||
| Poor (bottom quartile) | 444 | 48.5 | (41.9, 55.1) | 51.5 | (44.9, 58.1) | |
| Moderate - high | 1333 | 45.3 | (41.8, 48.9) | 54.7 | (51.1, 58.2) | |
a
P-values correspond to Wald F-statistics derived from Taylor series linearization methods to account for the complex survey design
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CHD, coronary heart disease; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; OHGA, oral hypoglycemic agents; NS, not significant; SEVLT, Spanish English Verbal Learning Test